{"id":117522,"date":"2015-02-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-02-08T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/?p=117522"},"modified":"2026-08-29T09:41:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T06:41:50","slug":"hokkaido-ainu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-hokkaido-ainu","title":{"rendered":"Hokkaido (Ainu)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hokkaido<\/strong>, numit \u0219i <strong>Hokkaido Ken<\/strong> sau <strong>Ainu Ken<\/strong>, este una dintre cele \u0219ase rase japoneze \u00eenscrise de stat \u00een registrul monumentelor naturii. Este un spitz aborigen de talie medie, cu blan\u0103 dubl\u0103 \u0219i deas\u0103, urechi drepte \u0219i coad\u0103 purtat\u0103 inelat, selec\u021bionat pentru v\u00e2n\u0103toarea din mun\u021bii \u0219i z\u0103pezile nordului Japoniei. Rasa r\u0103m\u00e2ne rar\u0103 chiar \u0219i acas\u0103 la ea: \u00een 2025, Japan Kennel Club a \u00eenregistrat 24 de Hokkaido, fa\u021b\u0103 de 3.598 de Shiba Inu \u00een acela\u0219i an. Am adunat mai jos ceea ce se poate verifica \u00een documente: standardul FCI nr. 261, registrul Agen\u021biei japoneze pentru Afaceri Culturale, standardul asocia\u021biei japoneze NIPPO \u0219i publica\u021bii veterinare cu recenzie de specialitate. Afla\u021bi mai multe despre rase pe <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\">Tvaryny<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hokkaido (Ainu): scurt\u0103 prezentare \u0219i caracteristici<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_1.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu)\" class=\"wp-image-117358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_1-300x216.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Parametru<\/th><th>Caracteristic\u0103<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u021aara de origine<\/strong><\/td><td>Japonia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Standard FCI<\/strong><\/td><td>Nr. 261 \u201eHOKKAIDO\u201d, versiunea \u00een vigoare publicat\u0103 la 30.10.2016, versiunea englez\u0103 din 09.02.2017<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Clasificare FCI<\/strong><\/td><td>Grupa 5 (c\u00e2ini de tip spitz \u0219i de tip primitiv), sec\u021biunea 5 (spitz asiatici \u0219i rase \u00eenrudite), f\u0103r\u0103 prob\u0103 de lucru<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Utilizare conform standardului<\/strong><\/td><td>C\u00e2ine de v\u00e2n\u0103toare, c\u00e2ine de companie<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bime la greab\u0103n, masculi<\/strong><\/td><td>48,5\u201351,5 cm (FCI nr. 261)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bime la greab\u0103n, femele<\/strong><\/td><td>45,5\u201348,5 cm (FCI nr. 261)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bime conform standardului japonez NIPPO<\/strong><\/td><td>masculi 52 cm (interval 46\u201355), femele 49 cm (interval 43\u201352)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Greutate<\/strong><\/td><td>Standardul FCI nr. 261 nu stabile\u0219te nicio greutate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Blana<\/strong><\/td><td>Dubl\u0103: firul tector aspru \u0219i drept, subp\u0103rul moale \u0219i des<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Culori conform standardului<\/strong><\/td><td>Susan, tigrat, ro\u0219cat, negru, negru cu pete de foc, alb<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Statutul \u00een Japonia<\/strong><\/td><td>Monument al naturii de interes na\u021bional din 21 decembrie 1937<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00cenregistr\u0103ri la JKC \u00een 2025<\/strong><\/td><td>24 de c\u00e2ini (toate rasele laolalt\u0103, 141 de rase: 302.530)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Originea rasei: ce spun \u00een realitate documentele<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despre rasele aborigene japoneze este u\u0219or s\u0103 scrii o legend\u0103 frumoas\u0103 \u0219i greu s\u0103 scrii o pagin\u0103 care se poate verifica. S\u0103 \u00eencepem, a\u0219adar, cu documentul care descrie rasa \u00een mod oficial. Rezumatul istoric al standardului FCI nr. 261 sus\u021bine c\u0103 rasa descinde din c\u00e2ini japonezi de talie medie ajun\u0219i \u00een Hokkaido odat\u0103 cu migran\u021bii veni\u021bi din Honshu \u00een epoca Kamakura, \u00een anii 1140, atunci c\u00e2nd schimburile dintre Hokkaido \u0219i regiunea Tohoku se intensificau. Formularea merit\u0103 aten\u021bie, fiindc\u0103 ea contrazice povestea cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 pe internet, aceea a \u201edescenden\u021bilor direc\u021bi ai c\u00e2inilor din perioada Jomon\u201d. Standardul urc\u0103 originea rasei nu p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een neolitic, ci p\u00e2n\u0103 la o migra\u021bie medieval\u0103 venit\u0103 de pe insula principal\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0218tiin\u021ba este aici mai prudent\u0103 dec\u00e2t textele de popularizare. Studiul mitogenomurilor c\u00e2inilor japonezi antici (Xiaokaiti \u0219i colab., <em>Anthropological Science<\/em>, 2024) porne\u0219te de la un fapt arheologic: c\u00e2inele este prezent \u00een Japonia de cel pu\u021bin 9.300 de ani, \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada Jomon. Autorii arat\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 mai departe c\u0103 liniile mitocondriale ale c\u00e2inilor de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al VIII-lea sunt deja diferite \u0219i mai variate dec\u00e2t cele ale c\u00e2inilor Jomon: valurile de migra\u021bie de mai t\u00e2rziu \u0219i-au adus proprii c\u00e2ini, iar haplogrupurile vechi au fost \u00een mare parte \u00eenlocuite. O filia\u021bie direct\u0103 \u201ec\u00e2ine Jomon \u2192 ras\u0103 modern\u0103\u201d nu decurge din aceste date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen schimb, exist\u0103 o observa\u021bie veche \u0219i foarte concret\u0103 care desparte rasa Hokkaido de rasele japoneze din sud. \u00cen 1984, Hashimoto, Yamakawa \u0219i Tanabe au publicat \u00een <em>Journal of Biochemistry<\/em> un studiu al glicolipidelor eritrocitare la 1.591 de c\u00e2ini din 36 de rase. Ei au pus \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 un polimorfism al zah\u0103rului terminal al hematozidei: unii c\u00e2ini poart\u0103 acid N-acetilneuraminic, al\u021bii acid N-glicolilneuraminic. A doua variant\u0103 apare doar la c\u00e2teva rase orientale, iar Hokkaido tocmai c\u0103 nu o avea \u00een acest e\u0219antion, spre deosebire de rasele aborigene din sudul Japoniei, din nordul Chinei \u0219i din Coreea. Autorii trag de aici concluzia unor rute de populare diferite: c\u00e2inii din sudul Japoniei ar fi venit din nordul Chinei prin peninsula coreean\u0103, \u00een vreme ce c\u00e2inii din nordul arhipelagului au o alt\u0103 origine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Numele \u201eAinu Ken\u201d trimite la ainu, popula\u021bia indigen\u0103 din Hokkaido, din Sahalin \u0219i din insulele Kurile. Rezumatul istoric al standardului FCI arat\u0103 limpede c\u0103 ainu cre\u0219teau ace\u0219ti c\u00e2ini pentru v\u00e2n\u0103toarea de urs \u0219i de alte animale \u0219i c\u0103 de aici vine a doua denumire a rasei. \u00cen limba ainu, c\u00e2inele are mai multe nume, pe care arhiva lingvistic\u0103 a Muzeului Na\u021bional Ainu (\u56fd\u7acb\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u6c11\u65cf\u535a\u7269\u9928) le consemneaz\u0103 cu precizie: <strong>seta<\/strong> este cuv\u00e2ntul principal, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een Hokkaido, \u00een Sahalin \u0219i \u00een Kurile; \u00een nord-estul insulei \u2014 \u00een regiunile Kitami, Kushiro \u0219i Tokachi \u2014 limba de zi cu zi spune <strong>sita<\/strong>, \u00een timp ce <em>seta<\/em> r\u0103m\u00e2ne registrul solemn. Exist\u0103 \u0219i nume descriptive: <strong>reyep<\/strong>, \u201ecel care se t\u00e2r\u0103\u0219te\u201d (fiindc\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd cere o m\u00e2ng\u00e2iere, c\u00e2inele se apropie de om t\u00e2r\u00e2\u0219), \u0219i <strong>apacampe<\/strong>, \u201ecel care st\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 u\u0219\u0103\u201d. Nimic exotic \u00een asta: este sinonimia obi\u0219nuit\u0103 a unei limbi vii, documentat\u0103 de o institu\u021bie \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cotitura survine \u00een 1937. Baza bunurilor culturale na\u021bionale a Agen\u021biei japoneze pentru Afaceri Culturale cuprinde o fi\u0219\u0103 pe numele <strong>\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u72ac<\/strong> (\u307b\u3063\u304b\u3044\u3069\u3046\u3051\u3093, \u201eHokkaido Ken\u201d): categoria \u2014 monument al naturii; data clas\u0103rii \u2014 <strong>21.12.1937<\/strong>. La rubrica \u201elocalizare\u201d figureaz\u0103 men\u021biunea \u5730\u57df\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u306a\u3044, \u201eniciun teritoriu delimitat\u201d: statutul este acordat rasei ca atare, nu unui loc sau unor animale anume. Fi\u0219a, redactat\u0103 \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 administrativ\u0103 veche, enumer\u0103 exact tr\u0103s\u0103turile pe care le vor prelua standardele: este unul dintre c\u00e2inii japonezi de talie medie crescu\u021bi de mult\u0103 vreme \u00een Hokkaido; urechi mici, bot ascu\u021bit, corp relativ lung fa\u021b\u0103 de \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea la greab\u0103n, unghiul jaretului deschis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul FCI adaug\u0103 o precizare despre nume: atunci c\u00e2nd rasa a fost declarat\u0103 monument al naturii, ea a primit numele regiunii. \u201eHokkaido Ken\u201d a devenit astfel denumirea oficial\u0103, iar \u201eAinu Ken\u201d a r\u0103mas al doilea nume, cel istoric. Am\u00e2ndou\u0103 se folosesc \u0219i ast\u0103zi, iar FCI \u00eens\u0103\u0219i trece \u201eAinu\u201d ca precizare la numele rasei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acela\u0219i registru \u00eeng\u0103duie a\u0219ezarea rasei Hokkaido \u00eentr-o serie: \u00een anii 1930, statul japonez a clasat una dup\u0103 alta rasele canine ca monumente ale naturii, iar Hokkaido \u00eencheie \u0219irul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Rasa \u00een registru<\/th><th>Data clas\u0103rii ca monument al naturii<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u79cb\u7530\u72ac \u2014 Akita<\/td><td>31.07.1931<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u7532\u6590\u72ac \u2014 Kai<\/td><td>22.01.1934<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u7d00\u5dde\u72ac \u2014 Kishu<\/td><td>01.05.1934<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u8d8a\u306e\u72ac \u2014 Koshi no Inu<\/td><td>28.12.1934<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u67f4\u72ac \u2014 Shiba<\/td><td>16.12.1936<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u571f\u4f50\u72ac \u2014 Tosa Ken (ast\u0103zi Shikoku Ken)<\/td><td>15.06.1937<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u72ac \u2014 Hokkaido<\/td><td>21.12.1937<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen paralel cu registrul de stat, rasa este \u021binut\u0103 \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 de o structur\u0103 asociativ\u0103. Societatea pentru conservarea c\u00e2inilor japonezi NIPPO (\u516c\u76ca\u793e\u56e3\u6cd5\u4eba\u65e5\u672c\u72ac\u4fdd\u5b58\u4f1a) a adoptat \u00eenc\u0103 din 1934 \u201eStandardul c\u00e2inelui japonez\u201d, un document unic pentru toate cele \u0219ase rase, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite dup\u0103 talie \u00een mici, mijlocii \u0219i mari. Esen\u021ba c\u00e2inelui japonez este descris\u0103 acolo prin trei no\u021biuni: <strong>kan&#8217;i<\/strong> (\u608d\u5a01) \u2014 for\u021ba interioar\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nit\u0103 \u0219i demnitatea; <strong>ryosei<\/strong> (\u826f\u6027) \u2014 firea bun\u0103 \u0219i echilibrat\u0103; <strong>soboku<\/strong> (\u7d20\u6734) \u2014 sobrietatea natural\u0103, lipsit\u0103 de podoabe. Cele trei cuvinte nu sunt un ornament exotic: ele explic\u0103 de ce standardele japoneze descriu at\u00e2t de pu\u021bin \u201ecaracterul\u201d \u00een sens occidental \u0219i de ce timiditatea este socotit\u0103 acolo un defect serios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O precizare se impune de la bun \u00eenceput, fiindc\u0103 aceasta este poate cea mai frecvent\u0103 confuzie. Cei \u201e\u0219ase Nihon Ken\u201d nu sunt totalitatea c\u00e2inilor aborigeni ai Japoniei, ci cele \u0219ase rase clasate de stat \u0219i \u021binute \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 de NIPPO. Literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u2014 bun\u0103oar\u0103 articolul lui Gojobori \u0219i colab. din <em>Nature Communications<\/em> (2024) \u2014 num\u0103r\u0103 unsprezece rase aborigene \u00een Japonia. Formula \u201euna dintre cele \u0219ase rase japoneze str\u0103vechi\u201d este a\u0219adar exact\u0103 doar \u00een privin\u021ba statutului de protec\u021bie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un ultim detaliu istoric, de data aceasta contemporan: NIPPO noteaz\u0103 c\u0103 vechile linii locale ale rasei Hokkaido se estompeaz\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 rasa converge c\u0103tre un tip unificat. Pentru o ras\u0103 rar\u0103, vestea este ambivalent\u0103: omogenitatea de tip cre\u0219te, dar diversitatea liniilor din care pot fi ale\u0219i reproduc\u0103tori ne\u00eenrudi\u021bi se \u00eengusteaz\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cum arat\u0103 Hokkaido: lectura standardului FCI nr. 261<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/gallery-160046.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u00een natur\u0103\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aspectul general este descris astfel: c\u00e2ine de talie medie, cu dimorfism sexual puternic marcat, bine echilibrat, de construc\u021bie solid\u0103 \u0219i cu osatur\u0103 bun\u0103; musculatura ferm\u0103 \u0219i bine reliefat\u0103. Propor\u021biile sunt detaliate neobi\u0219nuit de am\u0103nun\u021bit pentru o ras\u0103 japonez\u0103 \u2014 sunt trei la num\u0103r: \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea la greab\u0103n fa\u021b\u0103 de lungimea corpului = 10 : 11 (la femele corpul poate fi ceva mai lung); lungimea craniului fa\u021b\u0103 de lungimea botului = 3 : 2; lungimea craniului este egal\u0103 cu l\u0103\u021bimea obrajilor. Prin compara\u021bie, standardele raselor Shiba, Kai, Kishu, Shikoku \u0219i Akita se opresc la prima dintre aceste propor\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Craniul \u0219i fruntea:<\/strong> late \u0219i u\u0219or plate. Stopul este pu\u021bin marcat, dar bine definit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trufa:<\/strong> neagr\u0103. La exemplarele albe se admite o u\u0219oar\u0103 depigmentare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Botul:<\/strong> \u00een form\u0103 de pan\u0103, cu linia superioar\u0103 dreapt\u0103. Obrajii bine dezvolta\u021bi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Buzele \u0219i limba:<\/strong> buze str\u00e2nse, cu marginile negre. O fraz\u0103 separat\u0103 a standardului precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 nuan\u021ba albastru-negru a limbii nu este un defect.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Din\u021bii:<\/strong> puternici, mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een foarfece.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ochii:<\/strong> aproape triunghiulari, <strong>nu prea mici<\/strong>, c\u0103prui-\u00eenchis; col\u021burile exterioare u\u0219or ridicate. Este detaliul \u00een care descrierile curente ale rasei gre\u0219esc cel mai des: standardul cere ochi \u201enu prea mici\u201d, \u0219i nu ochi mici.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Urechile:<\/strong> mici, triunghiulare, u\u0219or \u00eenclinate \u00eenainte \u0219i ferm ridicate. Urechile care nu stau drepte sunt un defect descalificant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>G\u00e2tul:<\/strong> puternic \u0219i musculos, f\u0103r\u0103 salb\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Corpul:<\/strong> greab\u0103n \u00eenalt, spate drept \u0219i puternic, \u0219ale moderat late \u0219i musculoase, crup\u0103 corect \u00eenclinat\u0103. Antepieptul bine dezvoltat, cutia toracic\u0103 ad\u00e2nc\u0103 \u0219i moderat lat\u0103, coastele bine arcuite, abdomenul u\u0219or supt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coada:<\/strong> prins\u0103 sus, groas\u0103, purtat\u0103 pe spate viguros inelat\u0103 sau curbat\u0103 ca o secer\u0103; l\u0103sat\u0103 \u00een jos, v\u00e2rful ei ajunge aproape la jarete.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Membrele:<\/strong> umeri moderat oblici, antebra\u021be drepte \u0219i uscate, metacarpiene u\u0219or oblice, unghiuri posterioare moderate, jarete solide. Degete str\u00e2nse \u0219i bine arcuite, perni\u021be groase \u0219i elastice, unghii tari, negre sau de culoare \u00eenchis\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mi\u0219carea:<\/strong> activ\u0103, rapid\u0103, u\u0219oar\u0103 \u0219i elastic\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Limba albastru-negru: ce deosebe\u0219te Hokkaido de Akita<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Petele de pigment de pe limb\u0103 sunt pomenite \u00een aproape orice text despre Hokkaido, de obicei cu o aluzie la o \u00eenrudire cu Chow-Chow. S\u0103 verific\u0103m \u00een documente: rezultatul este mai interesant dec\u00e2t aluzia. Standardul rasei Hokkaido (FCI nr. 261) \u00eeng\u0103duie explicit limba albastru-negru: \u201enu este un defect\u201d. Standardul rasei Akita (FCI nr. 255) trece la lista defectelor r\u00e2ndul \u201elimb\u0103 albastr\u0103 sau p\u0103tat\u0103 cu negru\u201d. Standardele raselor Shiba (nr. 257), Kai (nr. 317), Kishu (nr. 318) \u0219i Shikoku (nr. 319) nu pomenesc limba deloc. Altfel spus, dintre cele \u0219ase rase japoneze, Hokkaido este singura al c\u0103rei standard prevede anume pigmentarea limbii ca admisibil\u0103 \u2014 \u0219i o face acolo unde, la cea mai apropiat\u0103 rud\u0103 de grup\u0103, ea constituie un defect. Standardele nu se pronun\u021b\u0103 asupra cauzei acestei pigment\u0103ri, a\u0219a c\u0103 nici noi nu tragem din ea vreo genealogie; dar divergen\u021ba \u00een sine se verific\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 PDF-uri de pe site-ul FCI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Blana \u0219i culorile<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blana este dubl\u0103: firul tector aspru \u0219i drept, subp\u0103rul moale \u0219i des, p\u0103rul de pe coad\u0103 destul de lung \u0219i desprins. Standardul recunoa\u0219te \u0219ase culori \u2014 cea mai larg\u0103 palet\u0103 dintre rasele japoneze din nomenclatorul FCI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Susan:<\/strong> standardul \u00eel define\u0219te ca un amestec uniform de fire negre, ro\u0219cate \u0219i albe pe tot corpul.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tigrat:<\/strong> desen \u00een dungi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ro\u0219cat.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negru.<\/strong> Negrul uniform este o pozi\u021bie recunoscut\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor, pe care majoritatea descrierilor de popularizare o omit, p\u0103str\u00e2nd doar \u201enegrul cu pete de foc\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negru cu pete de foc.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Alb.<\/strong> Potrivit NIPPO, propor\u021bia exemplarelor albe a crescut \u00een ultimii ani.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dou\u0103 detalii u\u0219or de sc\u0103pat. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, standardul rasei Hokkaido <em>nu<\/em> cere \u201eurajiro\u201d \u2014 acele zone deschise la culoare de pe laturile botului, de pe obraji, g\u00e2t, piept, abdomen \u0219i fa\u021ba interioar\u0103 a membrelor \u2014, \u00een timp ce la Shiba este obligatoriu pentru toate culorile, iar la Akita pentru toate \u00een afar\u0103 de alb. Apoi, lista defectelor din standardul rasei Hokkaido cuprinde \u201eculoarea pinto\u201d, adic\u0103 pete albe mari pe fond colorat: albul este recunoscut ca rob\u0103 uniform\u0103, nu ca pestri\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bimea: de ce cifrele difer\u0103 de la o surs\u0103 la alta<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aici trebuie s\u0103 fim exac\u021bi, fiindc\u0103 tocmai la \u00een\u0103l\u021bime confuzia este cea mai frecvent\u0103. FCI nr. 261 d\u0103 talia sub form\u0103 de <em>interval<\/em>: masculi 48,5\u201351,5 cm, femele 45,5\u201348,5 cm. Este o excep\u021bie \u00eentre rasele japoneze: toate celelalte standarde FCI dau o cifr\u0103 ideal\u0103 \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de o toleran\u021b\u0103 \u2014 Shiba 39,5 \/ 36,5 cm cu o toleran\u021b\u0103 de 1,5 cm, Kai 50 \/ 45 cm cu +3 cm, Kishu \u0219i Shikoku c\u00e2te 52 \/ 49 cm cu +3 cm, Akita 67 \/ 61 cm cu \u00b13 cm. Hokkaido este singura dintre cele \u0219ase c\u0103reia FCI i-a fixat limite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NIPPO m\u0103soar\u0103 rasa altfel: mascul 52 cm (interval de lucru 46\u201355 cm), femel\u0103 49 cm (43\u201352 cm). Asocia\u021bia japonez\u0103 a\u0219az\u0103, a\u0219adar, rasa Hokkaido \u00een acela\u0219i format cu Kishu \u0219i Shikoku, \u00een timp ce FCI o descrie ceva mai joas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eentre dou\u0103 limite. Ambele serii de cifre sunt corecte: sunt pur \u0219i simplu dou\u0103 documente diferite. Dac\u0103 o descriere a rasei arat\u0103 \u201e46\u201356 cm\u201d dintr-o bucat\u0103, pentru ambele sexe, aceea nu mai este un standard, ci contopirea a dou\u0103 intervale. Nici FCI nr. 261, nici fi\u0219a de monument al naturii nu stabilesc o greutate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Defecte \u0219i descalific\u0103ri: ce caut\u0103 arbitrul \u00een ring<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul deschide acest capitol cu formula comun\u0103 \u00eentregii FCI: orice abatere de la cele descrise mai sus trebuie socotit\u0103 un defect, iar gravitatea lui se apreciaz\u0103 exact \u00een raport cu gradul abaterii \u0219i cu urm\u0103rile ei asupra s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i bun\u0103st\u0103rii c\u00e2inelui. Urmeaz\u0103 o list\u0103 scurt\u0103, care pentru Hokkaido arat\u0103 astfel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Defecte:<\/strong> absen\u021ba dimorfismului sexual (mascul \u00een tip de femel\u0103 \u0219i invers); prognatism superior sau inferior u\u0219or; timiditate; culoarea pinto.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Defecte descalificante:<\/strong> agresivitate sau timiditate excesiv\u0103; orice anomalie fizic\u0103 ori de comportament evident\u0103; prognatism superior sau inferior pronun\u021bat; urechi care nu stau drepte; coad\u0103 c\u0103zut\u0103 sau coad\u0103 scurt\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Observa\u021bi c\u0103, aici, comportamentul st\u0103 al\u0103turi de anatomie: dup\u0103 standard, un c\u00e2ine poate fi irepro\u0219abil ca structur\u0103 \u0219i totu\u0219i s\u0103 fie scos de la apreciere din cauza temperamentului. Pentru o ras\u0103 pe care textele de popularizare o prezint\u0103 drept \u201easpr\u0103 \u0219i ne\u00eencrez\u0103toare\u201d, nuan\u021ba conteaz\u0103: rezerva fa\u021b\u0103 de necunoscu\u021bi \u0219i timiditatea excesiv\u0103 sunt dou\u0103 lucruri diferite, iar a doua este oficial inacceptabil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compara\u021bia cu rudele apropiate: maiestuosul <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/uk\/breed-akita-inu\">Akita Inu<\/a> \u00eel \u00eentrece pe Hokkaido cu 15\u201319 cm la greab\u0103n, potrivit standardelor, \u00een vreme ce <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-shiba-inu\">Shiba Inu<\/a> \u00eei este mai scund cu aproximativ 9\u201312 cm. Hokkaido face parte, al\u0103turi de Kai, Kishu \u0219i Shikoku, dintre c\u00e2inii japonezi de talie medie, iar confuzia \u00eentre ei se face u\u0219or: NIPPO remarc\u0103 \u00een mod special c\u0103 antepieptul rasei Hokkaido este deosebit de dezvoltat, ceea ce \u00eei d\u0103 impresia unui centru de greutate cobor\u00e2t \u0219i o siluet\u0103 mai \u00eendesat\u0103 dec\u00e2t a celorlal\u021bi c\u00e2ini japonezi de talie medie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caracterul: ce spun standardele \u0219i ce nu spun<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 Psihologie \u0219i caracter: un samurai \u00een blan\u0103 de c\u00e2ine\" class=\"wp-image-117373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046.jpg 640w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Capitolul \u201eComportament \/ temperament\u201d din standardul FCI nr. 261 sun\u0103 astfel: c\u00e2ine de o rezisten\u021b\u0103 ie\u0219it\u0103 din comun, care d\u0103 dovad\u0103 de demnitate \u0219i de o candoare natural\u0103; temperamentul este fidel, <strong>docil<\/strong>, foarte vigilent \u0219i \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021b; c\u00e2inele arat\u0103 totodat\u0103 judecat\u0103 sigur\u0103 \u0219i mare putere de \u00eendurare. Cuv\u00e2ntul \u201edocil\u201d nu este nici gre\u0219eal\u0103 de tipar, nici \u00eendulcire: el apare \u0219i \u00een standardele raselor Kishu \u0219i Akita, iar Shikoku este descris ca \u201edocil fa\u021b\u0103 de st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103u\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NIPPO merge mai departe \u00een descrierea rasei Hokkaido \u0219i avertizeaz\u0103 anume \u00eempotriva roman\u021b\u0103rii: prin caracter, Hokkaido nu se deosebe\u0219te prea mult de ceilal\u021bi c\u00e2ini japonezi, iar \u00een ciuda rolului s\u0103u de c\u00e2ine de v\u00e2n\u0103toare la animal mare, nu este o ras\u0103 c\u0103reia s\u0103 i se sublinieze ferocitatea. Aceasta contrazice frontal imaginea popular\u0103 a \u201elupt\u0103torului ne\u00eenfricat cu ursul\u201d, care circul\u0103 din text \u00een text. Ras\u0103 de v\u00e2n\u0103toare, da; ras\u0103 c\u0103reia s\u0103 i se laude agresivitatea, nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul mai are o dimensiune, rar amintit\u0103 \u0219i totu\u0219i foarte practic\u0103. Timiditatea figureaz\u0103 printre defecte, iar un c\u00e2ine \u201eagresiv sau excesiv de timid\u201d este descalificat, la fel ca \u201eorice c\u00e2ine cu anomalii fizice ori de comportament evidente\u201d. Pentru cump\u0103r\u0103tor, lucrul se cite\u0219te simplu: \u00eentr-o ras\u0103 \u00een care sfiala este oficial un defect, un pui care, la 8\u201310 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, se fere\u0219te de om \u0219i nu vine la contact nu este un \u201ejaponez rezervat, ca de manual\u201d, ci un motiv de a-i pune cresc\u0103torului \u00eentreb\u0103ri suplimentare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 asta pentru via\u021ba de zi cu zi cu c\u00e2inele:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Un ata\u0219ament cu preferin\u021be.<\/strong> Hokkaido leag\u0103 de obicei o rela\u021bie deosebit de str\u00e2ns\u0103 cu o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 \u0219i restul familiei intr\u0103 printre \u201eai s\u0103i\u201d. Organiza\u021bi educa\u021bia astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t comenzile de baz\u0103 s\u0103 fie lucrate nu doar de st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u201eprincipal\u201d, altfel ascultarea va r\u0103m\u00e2ne selectiv\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Motiva\u021bia de v\u00e2n\u0103toare.<\/strong> Rasa a fost croit\u0103 pentru lucrul la v\u00e2nat, a\u0219a c\u0103 mi\u0219carea rapid\u0103 a unui animal mic este un stimul puternic. Socoti\u021bi-v\u0103 cu un gard sigur, cu o les\u0103 lung\u0103 \u00een locurile noi \u0219i cu un lucru separat pe revenirea la chemare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vigilen\u021b\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 agita\u021bie.<\/strong> Standardul nume\u0219te rasa \u201efoarte vigilent\u0103\u201d. \u00cen practic\u0103, iese un c\u00e2ine care reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la schimb\u0103ri, nu unul care latr\u0103 ca fond sonor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tensiuni cu congenerii de acela\u0219i sex.<\/strong> Este o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103 la spitzii de v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u0219i merit\u0103 luat\u0103 \u00een calcul c\u00e2nd v\u0103 planifica\u021bi plimb\u0103rile \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2lnirile.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dac\u0103 v\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 ceva la fel de neobi\u0219nuit, dar cu un cu totul alt raport fa\u021b\u0103 de animalele mici, arunca\u021bi o privire spre <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-mexican-hairless-dog-xoloitzcuintli\">C\u00e2inele mexican f\u0103r\u0103 p\u0103r (Xoloitzcuintli)<\/a> \u2014 \u0219i el o ras\u0103 primitiv\u0103, dar cu un temperament \u0219i cu cerin\u021be de \u00eengrijire cu totul diferite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Avantaje \u0219i dezavantaje ale rasei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_0.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 Avantaje \u0219i dezavantaje ale rasei\" class=\"wp-image-117388\" style=\"width:385px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_0.jpg 800w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_0-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/color-160046_0-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Avantaje (+)<\/th><th>Dezavantaje (\u2212)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Foarte ata\u0219at de familie; standardul descrie o fire fidel\u0103 \u0219i docil\u0103<\/td><td>\u00cenclina\u021bia de a lucra \u201epe cont propriu\u201d \u0219i de a testa limitele<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rezisten\u021ba este cuv\u00e2ntul-cheie al standardului pentru aceast\u0103 ras\u0103<\/td><td>N\u0103p\u00e2rlire sezonier\u0103 abundent\u0103 a subp\u0103rului des<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atent \u0219i receptiv la schimb\u0103rile din cas\u0103<\/td><td>Posibile tensiuni cu c\u00e2inii de acela\u0219i sex<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Blana cere pu\u021bin\u0103 \u00eengrijire \u00een afara perioadei de n\u0103p\u00e2rlire<\/td><td>Are nevoie zilnic de efort fizic \u00eendelungat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Suport\u0103 bine frigul datorit\u0103 bl\u0103nii duble<\/td><td>Suport\u0103 c\u0103ldura mai greu dec\u00e2t gerul<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ras\u0103 rar\u0103, cu o istorie documentar\u0103 limpede<\/td><td>Fiind rar\u0103, puiul se g\u0103se\u0219te greu, iar liniile trebuie neap\u0103rat verificate<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u0103n\u0103tate \u0219i genetic\u0103: anomalia ocular\u0103 a collie-ului \u0219i ce e de f\u0103cut cu ea<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/hokkaido-dog-3.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 S\u0103n\u0103tate \u0219i genetic\u0103: boli tipice\" class=\"wp-image-117448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/hokkaido-dog-3.jpg 900w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/hokkaido-dog-3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/hokkaido-dog-3-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/hokkaido-dog-3-860x484.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cel mai important lucru de \u0219tiut despre s\u0103n\u0103tatea rasei Hokkaido prive\u0219te ochii \u2014 \u0219i nu este o generalitate, ci o publica\u021bie precis\u0103, cu cifre. \u00cen 2012, echipa lui Mizukami, Yabuki \u0219i Yamato a publicat \u00een <em>Veterinary Ophthalmology<\/em> (volumul 15, num\u0103rul 2, p. 128\u2013132) articolul \u201eCollie eye anomaly in Hokkaido dogs: case study\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Punctul de plecare a fost o femel\u0103 Hokkaido de nou\u0103 luni, la care oftalmoscopia a scos la iveal\u0103 o <strong>anomalie ocular\u0103 a collie-ului<\/strong> (CEA): o hipoplazie coroidian\u0103 bilateral\u0103 \u00een zonele temporale. Detaliu esen\u021bial: <em>c\u00e2inele nu prezenta nicio tulburare de vedere vizibil\u0103<\/em>. Autorii au genotipat apoi animalul \u0219i i-au confirmat muta\u021bia asociat\u0103 cu CEA: o dele\u021bie intronic\u0103 de 7,8 kilobaze \u00een gena <strong>NHEJ1<\/strong>. Au continuat cu testarea altor 17 Hokkaido proveni\u021bi din trei cresc\u0103torii: <strong>12 s-au dovedit purt\u0103tori heterozigo\u021bi, iar 5 afecta\u021bi<\/strong>. Concluzia articolului este formulat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 menajamente: din pricina acestei muta\u021bii cunoscute, rasa Hokkaido este puternic predispus\u0103 la CEA, \u00eentocmai ca rasele din grupul collie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u0103m\u00e2ne s\u0103 citim corect rezultatul. Este vorba despre un <strong>e\u0219antion de 17 c\u00e2ini proveni\u021bi din trei cresc\u0103torii<\/strong>, nu despre un recens\u0103m\u00e2nt al popula\u021biei; formula r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u201ela o treime din popula\u021bie\u201d nu este ceea ce arat\u0103 acest studiu, care raporteaz\u0103 cinci indivizi afecta\u021bi \u0219i doisprezece purt\u0103tori \u00een e\u0219antionul examinat. Sunt pu\u021bini c\u00e2ini, dar nespus de mul\u021bi pentru o descoperire \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare \u2014 de aici \u0219i fermitatea concluziei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce este CEA \u0219i de ce aici este nevoie tocmai de testul ADN.<\/strong> Anomalia ocular\u0103 a collie-ului este o tulburare congenital\u0103 de dezvoltare a coroidei \u0219i a scleroticii. Formele u\u0219oare (hipoplazia coroidian\u0103) pot s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 nicio urmare asupra vederii o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103; formele severe \u2014 coloboame, dezlipire de retin\u0103, hemoragii intraoculare \u2014 pot duce la pierderea vederii. Transmiterea este autozomal recesiv\u0103, iar muta\u021bia este identificat\u0103 ca o dele\u021bie precis\u0103 \u00een NHEJ1, a\u0219a c\u0103 testul de laborator d\u0103 un r\u0103spuns lipsit de echivoc, \u00een trei variante: liber, purt\u0103tor, afectat. \u00cen articolul citat, genotiparea a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 prin PCR \u00een timp real cu analiza curbelor de topire \u0219i prin secven\u021bierea ADN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00centrebarea nr. 1 c\u0103tre cresc\u0103tor:<\/strong> exist\u0103 rezultatele testului ADN pentru CEA (NHEJ1) la <em>ambii<\/em> p\u0103rin\u021bi ai puiului? Documentul, nu r\u0103spunsul pe cuv\u00e2nt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00centrebarea nr. 2:<\/strong> ce combina\u021bie de genotipuri a avut perechea? Purt\u0103tor \u00d7 purt\u0103tor aduce riscul unor pui afecta\u021bi; purt\u0103tor \u00d7 liber nu d\u0103 afecta\u021bi, dar d\u0103 purt\u0103tori.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00centrebarea nr. 3:<\/strong> au fost cuiburile v\u0103zute de un medic oftalmolog veterinar? Examenul ocular \u0219i testul ADN nu se \u00eenlocuiesc unul pe altul: \u00een cazul publicat, c\u00e2inele cu muta\u021bia confirmat\u0103 vedea, \u00een aparen\u021b\u0103, normal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Articula\u021biile.<\/strong> Displazia de \u0219old este pomenit\u0103 \u00een ras\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne printre lucrurile de controlat la reproduc\u0103tori, dup\u0103 procedura radiologic\u0103 oficial\u0103; c\u00e2t despre cifre de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire proprii rasei Hokkaido pe care s\u0103 fim gata s\u0103 le semn\u0103m, nu avans\u0103m niciuna. Partea practic\u0103 nu se schimb\u0103 totu\u0219i: controlul greut\u0103\u021bii \u00een perioada de cre\u0219tere, efort moderat pentru un schelet t\u00e2n\u0103r \u00een locul s\u0103riturilor \u0219i al alerg\u0103rilor lungi pe teren tare, plus radiografiile p\u0103rin\u021bilor ca cerin\u021b\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u00eenaintea montei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce cere \u0219i ce nu cere standardul.<\/strong> Rubrica N.B. din FCI nr. 261 cuprinde doar clauza general\u0103 a \u00eentregii federa\u021bii: la reproduc\u021bie trebuie folosi\u021bi numai c\u00e2ini s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i func\u021bional \u0219i clinic, cu o conforma\u021bie tipic\u0103 pentru ras\u0103. Standardul nu impune niciun examen propriu rasei \u2014 acest lucru \u021bine de cluburile na\u021bionale \u0219i de societ\u0103\u021bile de conservare. \u00centr-o ras\u0103 rar\u0103, r\u0103spunderea test\u0103rii \u00eei revine deci cresc\u0103torului anume, iar de verificat trebuie verificate tocmai actele perechii respective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u0103ldura, nu gerul.<\/strong> Blana dubl\u0103 cu subp\u0103r des, pe care standardul o prezint\u0103 ca adaptare la iernile aspre \u0219i la ninsorile bogate, lucreaz\u0103 \u00eempotriva c\u00e2inelui \u00eentr-un climat cald. Vara, muta\u021bi plimb\u0103rile devreme diminea\u021ba \u0219i t\u00e2rziu seara, asigura\u021bi umbr\u0103 \u0219i ap\u0103 \u0219i urm\u0103ri\u021bi cu aten\u021bie respira\u021bia pe canicul\u0103. M\u0103surile preventive obi\u0219nuite \u2014 protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva c\u0103pu\u0219elor \u0219i vaccinarea planificat\u0103 \u2014 sunt aici acelea\u0219i ca pentru orice c\u00e2ine care umbl\u0103 mult prin c\u00e2mp \u0219i p\u0103dure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0218i o observa\u021bie aparte despre formul\u0103ri. Despre rasele aborigene rare se scrie adesea c\u0103 \u201enu se \u00eemboln\u0103vesc aproape niciodat\u0103\u201d. Nu este o concluzie, ci urmarea e\u0219antioanelor mici: acolo unde o ras\u0103 a fost pu\u021bin studiat\u0103, pur \u0219i simplu nu exist\u0103 date publicate. Absen\u021ba descrierii este o lacun\u0103 \u00een date, nu un certificat. Hokkaido este un exemplu bun: a fost de-ajuns ca o singur\u0103 echip\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori s\u0103 se aplece cu aten\u021bie asupra rasei, \u0219i s-a g\u0103sit o muta\u021bie cu frecven\u021b\u0103 ridicat\u0103 \u00een e\u0219antion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cengrijire \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_1.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 \u00cengrijire \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binere\" class=\"wp-image-117403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_1.jpg 650w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hokkaido se simte bine \u0219i \u00een apartament, \u0219i \u00een curtea unei case \u2014 cu condi\u021bia ca ograda s\u0103 fie \u00eemprejmuit\u0103, iar c\u00e2inele s\u0103 nu stea \u00een lan\u021b \u0219i s\u0103 nu r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 singur zi \u0219i noapte. Rasa a fost croit\u0103 pentru a lucra al\u0103turi de om, iar izolarea social\u0103, nu frigul, este cea care stric\u0103 astfel de c\u00e2ini. Dac\u0103 locui\u021bi la bloc \u0219i nu sunte\u021bi gata s\u0103 dedica\u021bi zilnic dou\u0103-trei ore de mi\u0219care sus\u021binut\u0103, e mai cinstit s\u0103 v\u0103 uita\u021bi la <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-japanese-spitz-nihon-supittsu\">Spitzul Japonez<\/a>: \u0219i el alb, \u0219i el japonez, dar mult mai pu\u021bin preten\u021bios la efort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Toaletaj<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tipul de blan\u0103 descris \u00een standard \u2014 fir tector aspru \u0219i drept, plus un subp\u0103r moale \u0219i des \u2014 hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te toat\u0103 \u00eengrijirea. Tunsul este contraindicat unei asemenea bl\u0103ni: firul tector are o func\u021bie de protec\u021bie, inclusiv \u00eempotriva supra\u00eenc\u0103lzirii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00cen afara n\u0103p\u00e2rlirii:<\/strong> periere cu pieptenele metalic o dat\u0103 sau de dou\u0103 ori pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00cen timpul n\u0103p\u00e2rlirii:<\/strong> zilnic, cu peria \u021besal\u0103 sau cu pieptenele cu din\u021bi rari; subp\u0103rul iese \u00een pl\u0103ci, iar cu c\u00e2t \u00eel scoate\u021bi mai temeinic, cu at\u00e2t vor fi mai pu\u021bine noduri \u0219i irita\u021bii ale pielii.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Baia:<\/strong> rar \u0219i la nevoie; sp\u0103latul frecvent \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 pelicula gras\u0103 care \u021bine apa \u0219i murd\u0103ria la distan\u021b\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unghii, urechi, din\u021bi:<\/strong> control regulat \u0219i t\u0103ierea unghiilor; urechile drepte se aerisesc bine, dar dup\u0103 o ie\u0219ire \u00een p\u0103dure merit\u0103 cercetate \u00een c\u0103utarea c\u0103pu\u0219elor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dresaj: nu o lupt\u0103, ci o \u00een\u021belegere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"507\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_0.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 Dresaj: b\u0103t\u0103lia caracterelor\" class=\"wp-image-117418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_0.jpg 507w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/gallery-160046_0-300x284.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul atribuie rasei o \u201ejudecat\u0103 sigur\u0103\u201d \u2014 \u0219i aceasta este cea mai exact\u0103 descriere a ceea ce ve\u021bi avea de \u00eenfruntat pe terenul de dresaj. Problema nu este de obicei c\u0103 nu \u00een\u021belege comanda, ci c\u0103 evalueaz\u0103 situa\u021bia pe cont propriu \u0219i hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te dac\u0103 merit\u0103 s\u0103 o execute tocmai acum. De aceea, repeti\u021biile monotone func\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai prost dec\u00e2t secven\u021bele scurte, clare \u0219i avantajoase pentru c\u00e2ine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fermitate, f\u0103r\u0103 brutalitate.<\/strong> Constr\u00e2ngerea fizic\u0103, \u00eentr-o ras\u0103 \u00een care timiditatea este oficial un defect, este drumul cel mai scurt c\u0103tre un c\u00e2ine care se \u00eenchide \u00een sine sau \u00eencepe s\u0103 se apere. Ce func\u021bioneaz\u0103: consecven\u021ba \u0219i regulile previzibile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Socializare timpurie.<\/strong> P\u00e2n\u0103 la patru luni, puiul trebuie s\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2mpine lini\u0219tit ora\u0219ul: mijloacele de transport, mul\u021bimea, zgomotele puternice, al\u021bi c\u00e2ini, cabinetul veterinar. Vigilen\u021ba este o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 de standard; ne\u00eencrederea fa\u021b\u0103 de orice noutate este urmarea unei ferestre de socializare ratate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Revenirea la chemare, ca proiect separat.<\/strong> Pentru o ras\u0103 de v\u00e2n\u0103toare, aceasta nu este \u201eo comand\u0103 printre altele\u201d, ci o deprindere la care se lucreaz\u0103 ani la r\u00e2nd \u0219i care nu se \u00eencearc\u0103 niciodat\u0103 prima oar\u0103 acolo unde sunt p\u0103dure \u0219i v\u00e2nat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lucru cu mintea.<\/strong> Jocurile de c\u0103utare, lucrul de miros, traseele care descoper\u0103 locuri noi obosesc o astfel de ras\u0103 mai bine dec\u00e2t adunarea mecanic\u0103 de kilometri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dac\u0103 v\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 alte rase japoneze cu un trecut de lucru asem\u0103n\u0103tor, uita\u021bi-v\u0103 la <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-kai-ken-tora-inu\">Kai Ken (Tora Inu)<\/a> \u2014 \u00eenc\u0103 un membru al celor \u0219ase \u201eNihon Ken\u201d, al c\u0103rui standard FCI recunoa\u0219te numai robele tigrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alimenta\u021bie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"983\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-1024x983.jpg\" alt=\"Hokkaido (Ainu) \u2014 Alimenta\u021bie: energie pentru v\u00e2n\u0103tor\" class=\"wp-image-117433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-1024x983.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-768x737.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-1536x1474.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046-860x825.jpg 860w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/logo-160046.jpg 1816w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nu exist\u0103 o diet\u0103 \u201ede ras\u0103\u201d anume pentru Hokkaido: se potrive\u0219te o hran\u0103 complet\u0103, echilibrat\u0103 dup\u0103 normele unui c\u00e2ine activ de acest format \u0219i de aceast\u0103 v\u00e2rst\u0103, ori o ra\u021bie natural\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu un medic veterinar nutri\u021bionist. Reperul practic principal este condi\u021bia corporal\u0103, nu castronul: la un c\u00e2ine cu greutate corect\u0103, coastele se palpeaz\u0103 u\u0219or sub blan\u0103, iar talia se vede privind de sus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cre\u0219terea.<\/strong> \u00cen perioada form\u0103rii scheletului, surplusul de calorii \u0219i \u00eengr\u0103\u0219area for\u021bat\u0103 sunt d\u0103un\u0103toare; por\u021biile puiului se calculeaz\u0103 dup\u0103 greutatea lui de moment \u0219i se recalculeaz\u0103 regulat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sezonul.<\/strong> Nevoia de calorii a unui c\u00e2ine care iarna lucreaz\u0103 mult afar\u0103 \u0219i nevoia aceluia\u0219i c\u00e2ine vara nu sunt acelea\u0219i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ritmul.<\/strong> Un adult se hr\u0103ne\u0219te de regul\u0103 de dou\u0103 ori pe zi, dup\u0103 plimbare, nu \u00eenaintea unui efort intens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>De evitat:<\/strong> oase tubulare, ciocolat\u0103, struguri \u0219i stafide, ceap\u0103 \u0219i usturoi, xilitol, alimente s\u0103rate, afumate \u0219i produse de patiserie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Orice schimbare de hran\u0103 se face treptat, vreme de c\u00e2teva zile, amestec\u00e2nd alimentul nou cu cel obi\u0219nuit, \u0219i urm\u0103ri\u021bi scaunul \u0219i pielea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hokkaido \u00eentre cele \u0219ase rase japoneze<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cele \u0219ase rase \u021binute laolalt\u0103 sub numele de \u201eNihon Ken\u201d sunt amestecate constant una cu alta pe internet. Iat\u0103 un reper \u00eentemeiat strict pe standardele FCI \u00een vigoare \u2014 Akita nr. 255, Shiba nr. 257, Hokkaido nr. 261, Kai nr. 317, Kishu nr. 318, Shikoku nr. 319.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Rasa<\/th><th>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bime dup\u0103 FCI (mascul \/ femel\u0103)<\/th><th>Culori conform standardului<\/th><th>Limba<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hokkaido (nr. 261)<\/td><td>48,5\u201351,5 \/ 45,5\u201348,5 cm \u2014 interval<\/td><td>Susan, tigrat, ro\u0219cat, negru, negru cu pete de foc, alb<\/td><td>Albastru-negru \u2014 nu este defect<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Akita (nr. 255)<\/td><td>67 \/ 61 cm \u00b13<\/td><td>Ro\u0219cat, susan, tigrat, alb; \u201eurajiro\u201d obligatoriu, \u00een afar\u0103 de alb<\/td><td>Albastr\u0103 sau p\u0103tat\u0103 cu negru \u2014 defect<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shiba (nr. 257)<\/td><td>39,5 \/ 36,5 cm \u00b11,5<\/td><td>Ro\u0219cat, negru cu pete de foc, susan, susan negru, susan ro\u0219cat; \u201eurajiro\u201d obligatoriu<\/td><td>Nemen\u021bionat\u0103<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kai (nr. 317)<\/td><td>50 \/ 45 cm +3<\/td><td>Tigrat negru, tigrat ro\u0219cat, tigrat<\/td><td>Nemen\u021bionat\u0103<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kishu (nr. 318)<\/td><td>52 \/ 49 cm +3<\/td><td>Alb, ro\u0219cat, susan<\/td><td>Nemen\u021bionat\u0103<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shikoku (nr. 319)<\/td><td>52 \/ 49 cm +3<\/td><td>Susan, ro\u0219cat, negru cu pete de foc<\/td><td>Nemen\u021bionat\u0103<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O alt\u0103 deosebire, vizibil\u0103 numai citind documentele al\u0103turat: utilizarea. Pentru Hokkaido, Kai, Kishu \u0219i Shikoku, standardul indic\u0103 \u201ec\u00e2ine de v\u00e2n\u0103toare, c\u00e2ine de companie\u201d; pentru Shiba \u2014 \u201ec\u00e2ine de v\u00e2n\u0103toare la p\u0103s\u0103ri \u0219i v\u00e2nat mic, c\u00e2ine de companie\u201d; iar pentru Akita, \u00een versiunea \u00een vigoare a standardului, pur \u0219i simplu \u201ec\u00e2ine de companie\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Curiozit\u0103\u021bi despre Hokkaido<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cel mai cunoscut Hokkaido este unul de reclam\u0103.<\/strong> Un c\u00e2ine alb pe nume Kai-kun a jucat rolul \u201etat\u0103lui\u201d \u00eentr-o lung\u0103 serie de spoturi ale operatorului japonez SoftBank. Potrivit biroului de pres\u0103 al companiei \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, el a fost primul \u201ec\u00e2ine-tat\u0103\u201d al familiei Shirato \u0219i a ap\u0103rut \u00een aproximativ 300 de reclame de televiziune. Agen\u021bia Jiji Press a relatat c\u0103 Kai-kun a murit de b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be la 28 iunie 2018, la v\u00e2rsta de 16 ani, \u0219i c\u0103 era \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un Hokkaido Ken.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>24 de c\u00e2ini \u00eentr-un an.<\/strong> Statistica \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor Japan Kennel Club pentru 2025: Hokkaido \u2014 24, Shikoku \u2014 51, Kai \u2014 60, Akita \u2014 263, Shiba \u2014 3.598. Pe toate rasele \u2014 141 de rase \u2014 clubul a \u00eenregistrat 302.530 de c\u00e2ini.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Un statut f\u0103r\u0103 adres\u0103.<\/strong> \u00cen registrul de stat al monumentelor, rubrica de localizare a rasei Hokkaido poart\u0103 men\u021biunea \u201eniciun teritoriu delimitat\u201d: ocrotirea se aplic\u0103 rasei, nu unui loc ori unor animale anume.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Patru nume \u00een limba ainu.<\/strong> Arhiva lingvistic\u0103 a Muzeului Na\u021bional Ainu consemneaz\u0103 pentru c\u00e2ine cuvintele <em>seta<\/em>, <em>sita<\/em> (varianta de zi cu zi din nord-estul insulei Hokkaido), precum \u0219i descriptivele <em>reyep<\/em> \u2014 \u201ecel care se t\u00e2r\u0103\u0219te\u201d, \u0219i <em>apacampe<\/em> \u2014 \u201ecel care st\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 u\u0219\u0103\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Singura cu interval.<\/strong> Hokkaido este singura dintre cele \u0219ase rase japoneze al c\u0103rei standard FCI fixeaz\u0103 talia prin limite, \u0219i nu printr-o cifr\u0103 ideal\u0103 \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de o toleran\u021b\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ultima de pe lista din 1937.<\/strong> Dintre rasele canine \u00eenscrise \u00een registrul japonez al monumentelor naturii \u00eentre 1931 \u0219i 1937, Hokkaido a primit statutul ultima \u2014 la 21 decembrie 1937.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hokkaido, Ainu Ken \u0219i Hokkaido Ken sunt una \u0219i aceea\u0219i ras\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Da. \u00cen nomenclatorul FCI, rasa se nume\u0219te Hokkaido (standardul nr. 261). \u201eHokkaido Ken\u201d este numele ei japonez; \u201eAinu Ken\u201d este denumirea istoric\u0103, legat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 ainu cre\u0219teau ace\u0219ti c\u00e2ini pentru v\u00e2n\u0103toare. Numele oficial japonez vine de la cel al regiunii \u0219i a fost luat la clasarea din 1937 \u00een registrul monumentelor naturii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prin ce se deosebe\u0219te Hokkaido de Akita \u0219i de Shiba?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cenainte de toate prin talie: Akita are, dup\u0103 standard, 67 cm la mascul, Shiba 39,5 cm, iar Hokkaido 48,5\u201351,5 cm. Apoi: Hokkaido admite \u0219ase culori, printre care negrul uniform \u0219i tigratul, care lipsesc la Shiba; \u201eurajiro\u201d nu \u00eei este cerut; iar limba albastru-negru, care \u00een standardul rasei Akita este un defect, \u00een standardul rasei Hokkaido este declarat\u0103 explicit ca nefiind un defect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Care este principalul test de s\u0103n\u0103tate pentru aceast\u0103 ras\u0103?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testul ADN pentru anomalia ocular\u0103 a collie-ului (dele\u021bie \u00een gena NHEJ1). Studiul din 2012 ap\u0103rut \u00een <em>Veterinary Ophthalmology<\/em> a ar\u0103tat c\u0103, din 17 Hokkaido examina\u021bi, proveni\u021bi din trei cresc\u0103torii, 12 erau purt\u0103tori \u0219i 5 afecta\u021bi, \u0219i a tras concluzia unei predispozi\u021bii ridicate a rasei. Cere\u021bi-i cresc\u0103torului rezultatele testului pentru ambii p\u0103rin\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Latr\u0103 mult c\u00e2inii Hokkaido?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul descrie rasa ca foarte vigilent\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een practic\u0103, este un c\u00e2ine care d\u0103 glas cu un motiv, nu ca fond sonor. Totu\u0219i, \u201et\u0103cerea\u201d nu este o \u00eensu\u0219ire de ras\u0103 garantat\u0103: mult depinde de c\u00e2t efort prime\u0219te c\u00e2inele \u0219i de c\u00e2t timp r\u0103m\u00e2ne singur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Este rasa potrivit\u0103 pentru un \u00eencep\u0103tor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul FCI descrie o fire fidel\u0103 \u0219i docil\u0103, iar NIPPO arat\u0103 anume c\u0103 ferocitatea acestei rase nu merit\u0103 scoas\u0103 \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 \u2014 a\u0219a c\u0103 imaginea \u201efiarei de nest\u0103p\u00e2nit\u201d este exagerat\u0103. Dar este o ras\u0103 de v\u00e2n\u0103toare cu instinct puternic \u0219i cu nevoie mare de mi\u0219care, a\u0219a c\u0103 unui \u00eencep\u0103tor \u00eei vor trebui un instructor canin \u0219i o evaluare cinstit\u0103 a propriului program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cum suport\u0103 Hokkaido c\u0103ldura?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mai greu dec\u00e2t gerul. Standardul leag\u0103 direct construc\u021bia rasei de capacitatea de a \u00eendura frigul mare \u0219i ninsorile bogate; subp\u0103rul des, care o salveaz\u0103 iarna, \u00eengreuneaz\u0103 vara cedarea c\u0103ldurii. Vara, plimba\u021bi-l diminea\u021ba \u0219i seara, asigura\u021bi-i umbr\u0103 \u0219i ap\u0103 \u0219i nu-l tunde\u021bi \u201eca s\u0103-i fie mai r\u0103coare\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u00e2t tr\u0103iesc c\u00e2inii Hokkaido?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O cifr\u0103 pe care s\u0103 fim gata s\u0103 o semn\u0103m, trimi\u021b\u00e2nd la un studiu de longevitate f\u0103cut anume pe aceast\u0103 ras\u0103, nu avans\u0103m. Ca reper: cel mai cunoscut reprezentant al rasei, c\u00e2inele de reclam\u0103 Kai-kun, a tr\u0103it 16 ani, potrivit Jiji Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Surse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>FCI-Standard N\u00b0 261 \u201eHOKKAIDO\u201d, versiunea \u00een vigoare din 30.10.2016 (versiunea englez\u0103 din 09.02.2017); pentru compara\u021bie \u2014 standardele FCI nr. 255, 257, 317, 318, 319.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baza bunurilor culturale na\u021bionale a Agen\u021biei japoneze pentru Afaceri Culturale, fi\u0219a \u201e\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u72ac\u201d, monument al naturii, data clas\u0103rii 21.12.1937.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NIPPO \u2014 \u516c\u76ca\u793e\u56e3\u6cd5\u4eba\u65e5\u672c\u72ac\u4fdd\u5b58\u4f1a: \u201eStandardul c\u00e2inelui japonez\u201d (1934) \u0219i fi\u0219a de ras\u0103 \u5317\u6d77\u9053\u72ac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mizukami K. \u0219i colab. Collie eye anomaly in Hokkaido dogs: case study. <em>Veterinary Ophthalmology<\/em>, 2012, 15(2), 128\u2013132.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hashimoto Y., Yamakawa T., Tanabe Y. Further studies on the red cell glycolipids of various breeds of dogs. <em>Journal of Biochemistry<\/em>, 1984, 96, 1777\u20131782.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Xiaokaiti X. \u0219i colab. The history of ancient Japanese dogs revealed by mitogenomes. <em>Anthropological Science<\/em>, 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arhiva lingvistic\u0103 a Muzeului Na\u021bional Ainu (\u56fd\u7acb\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u6c11\u65cf\u535a\u7269\u9928), articole de dic\u021bionar despre numele c\u00e2inelui.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Japan Kennel Club (JKC), statistica \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor pentru anul 2025.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Video despre ras\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Hokkaido Dog Pros and Cons | Ainu-ken Advantages and Disadvantages\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wpciqm2MQCw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hokkaido sau Ainu nu este doar un c\u00e2ine, este o legend\u0103 vie a Japoniei, \u00eentruchiparea spiritului insulelor nordice \u0219i a voin\u021bei de ne\u00eenfr\u00e2nt. Este o ras\u0103\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":117292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4521],"tags":[8474,20288,10422,7129,20161,340],"moimportance":[],"class_list":["post-117522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-dogs-breeds-ro","tag-caini-cu-blana-deasa","tag-caini-cu-urechi-ridicate","tag-caini-curajosi","tag-caini-de-talie-medie","tag-spitz","tag-340"],"views":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117522","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117522"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117522\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":117542,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117522\/revisions\/117542"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/117292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117522"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117522"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117522"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=117522"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}