{"id":142850,"date":"2026-01-20T10:36:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T08:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/?p=142850"},"modified":"2026-08-29T09:59:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T06:59:49","slug":"ciobanesc-de-moscova","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-moscow-watchdog","title":{"rendered":"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova (Moscow Watchdog)<\/strong> este una dintre pu\u021binele rase despre care se \u0219tie nu doar \u00abde unde vine, aproximativ\u00bb, ci \u0219i cine a creat-o, la ordinul cui \u0219i dup\u0103 ce caiet de sarcini. Ras\u0103 de serviciu ob\u021binut\u0103 prin selec\u021bie dirijat\u0103 \u00een canisa \u00abSteaua Ro\u0219ie\u00bb a \u0218colii Centrale de Chinologie Militar\u0103, ea a l\u0103sat documente p\u0103strate \u0219i publicate: descrierile primelor f\u0103t\u0103ri, m\u0103sur\u0103torile primilor reproduc\u0103tori, cinci redact\u0103ri ale standardului. Pe ele ne sprijinim, nu pe tradi\u021bia oral\u0103 a cluburilor. Afla\u021bi mai multe pe <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tvaryny<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Istoria cre\u0103rii rasei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"598\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0-43.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova\" class=\"wp-image-142829\" style=\"width:519px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0-43.jpg 750w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0-43-300x239.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dup\u0103 al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, efectivul de c\u00e2ini de serviciu din URSS era practic pierdut. Printr-un ordin al Ministerului Ap\u0103r\u0103rii, refacerea lui \u0219i acoperirea nevoilor economiei na\u021bionale au fost \u00eencredin\u021bate \u0218colii Centrale de Chinologie Militar\u0103 \u00abSteaua Ro\u0219ie\u00bb \u2014 pe atunci l\u00e2ng\u0103 Moscova, la Ve\u0219niaki, \u00een apropiere de Novoghireevo (ast\u0103zi teritoriu al Moscovei). La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1940, canisa a \u00eenceput \u00eencruci\u0219\u0103ri \u00eentre rasele pe care le avea la dispozi\u021bie \u0219i care se potriveau sarcinii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alegerea \u00aba ceea ce exista\u00bb a fost impus\u0103. Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, rasele aduse din Germania erau reprezentate prin exemplare izolate: Saint Bernardul \u0219i Newfoundlandul, Rottweilerul \u0219i Schnauzerul uria\u0219 treceau drept exotisme. Al\u0103turi lucrau ciob\u0103nescul german \u0219i <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-caucasian-shepherd-dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ciob\u0103nescul Caucazian<\/a>, barzoiul rusesc \u0219i copoiul rusesc b\u0103l\u021bat (rus. \u00abrusskaia peguaia gonciaia\u00bb). Din acest material eterogen \u0219i pu\u021bin numeros trebuiau construite mai multe rase deodat\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cine a f\u0103cut munca<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lucr\u0103rile s-au desf\u0103\u0219urat sub conducerea profesorului biolog N. A. Ilin \u0219i a comandantului \u0219colii, general-maiorul G. P. Medvedev; \u00eencruci\u0219\u0103rile \u0219i selec\u021bia reproduc\u0103torilor au fost conduse de \u0219eful canisei de reproduc\u021bie, Nikolai Ivanovici Bortnikov. Chinologul \u0219colii era atunci Aleksandr Pavlovici Mazover, expert de categorie unional\u0103, ale c\u0103rui descrieri din 1955\u20131956 au ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 la noi \u0219i las\u0103 s\u0103 se vad\u0103 literalmente cum ar\u0103ta primul efectiv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metoda se nume\u0219te \u00eencruci\u0219are de reproduc\u021bie complex\u0103 \u2014 \u00abcomplex\u0103\u00bb pentru c\u0103 au participat mai mult de dou\u0103 rase. Caietul de sarcini era formulat sec: un c\u00e2ine mare, puternic, de tip robust, mobil, cu calit\u0103\u021bi de veghe \u0219i de paz\u0103, u\u0219or de dresat \u0219i nepreten\u021bios la \u00eentre\u021binere. Aceste \u00eensu\u0219iri trebuiau s\u0103 se transmit\u0103 stabil urma\u0219ilor \u2014 nu era vorba despre c\u00e2\u021biva c\u00e2ini reu\u0219i\u021bi, ci despre o ras\u0103 care se reproduce pe sine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prima f\u0103tare \u0219i prima expozi\u021bie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen 1950, canisa a prezentat la a 14-a expozi\u021bie municipal\u0103 moscovit\u0103 a c\u00e2inilor de serviciu \u0219ase fra\u021bi dintr-o singur\u0103 f\u0103tare, n\u0103scu\u021bi la 12 iulie 1949 \u2014 cinci masculi \u0219i o femel\u0103: Djoi, Don, Dukat, Despot, Divn\u00eei \u0219i Dido. P\u0103rin\u021bii sunt numi\u021bi direct: Saint Bernardul Barri \u0219i c\u0103\u021beaua Ciob\u0103nesc Caucazian A\u0219a. Perechea de la care a pornit rasa este, a\u0219adar, Saint Bernard \u00d7 Ciob\u0103nesc Caucazian, iar \u00een rapoartele de arbitraj puii sunt \u00eenc\u0103 numi\u021bi meti\u0219i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Descrierile din 1950 se citesc ca un proces-verbal de \u00eencerc\u0103ri. La Djoi \u2014 corp solid \u0219i osatur\u0103 robust\u0103, dar \u0219i o \u00abbuz\u0103 l\u0103sat\u0103, net conturat\u0103\u00bb \u0219i unghiuri \u00eendreptate ale membrelor posterioare; la Divn\u00eei \u2014 tendin\u021b\u0103 spre constitu\u021bie umed\u0103, ochi deschis la culoare, spate moale; la Despot \u2014 anterioare deviate \u0219i unghiuri posterioare aproape drepte, pe gamb\u0103 scurt\u0103. Defectele erau consemnate ca s\u0103 fie luate \u00een calcul la alc\u0103tuirea perechilor. De aceea tipul s-a uniformizat \u00een c\u00e2teva genera\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce nu spune formula scurt\u0103 a rasei<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul \u00een vigoare descrie originea prin trei rase: Ciob\u0103nescul Caucazian, Saint Bernardul \u0219i copoiul rusesc b\u0103l\u021bat. Pedigriurile publicate de Clubul Na\u021bional al rasei arat\u0103 un tablou mai complicat: meti\u0219ii de Saint Bernard cu copoi rusesc b\u0103l\u021bat erau acoperi\u021bi cu ciob\u0103nesc est-european, iar urma\u0219ii lor \u2014 cu ciob\u0103nesc caucazian; a\u0219a arat\u0103 pedigriul c\u0103\u021belei Kara, n\u0103scut\u0103 \u00een 1959. Printre reproduc\u0103tori apare \u0219i Karaba\u0219ka, metis\u0103 de Ciob\u0103nesc Caucazian cu Newfoundland, din care s-a n\u0103scut \u00een 1951 masculul Fars (tat\u0103l \u2014 acela\u0219i Saint Bernard Barri). Formula scurt\u0103 \u00abSaint Bernard + caucazian + copoi\u00bb este un rezumat, nu lista complet\u0103 a ce a intrat \u00een ras\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un detaliu despre care de obicei nu se scrie: din cauza materialului de reproduc\u021bie limitat \u0219i pentru c\u0103 \u00abSteaua Ro\u0219ie\u00bb ducea deodat\u0103 mai multe rase \u2014 Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova, terrierul negru rusesc, Newfoundlandul de Moscova \u0219i Dogul de Moscova \u2014, chinologii au aplicat deliberat consangvinizarea str\u00e2ns\u0103 pe un reproduc\u0103tor anume, prin urma\u0219ii primei \u0219i celei de-a doua genera\u021bii. A fost un instrument de fixare a tipului \u0219i a func\u021bionat; despre ce a l\u0103sat \u00een urm\u0103 se vorbe\u0219te \u00een capitolul despre s\u0103n\u0103tate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u0103utarea unei siluete: cuparea la care s-a renun\u021bat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ani la r\u00e2nd, chinologii nu au reu\u0219it s\u0103 decid\u0103 ce \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are s\u0103 dea noii rase, ca s\u0103 nu fie citit\u0103 nici ca Saint Bernard, nici ca ciob\u0103nesc caucazian. \u00cen aceast\u0103 c\u0103utare, c\u00e2inilor li s-au cupat cozile \u0219i urechile. S-a renun\u021bat la practic\u0103: aspectul de ras\u0103 s-a fixat cu urechi blegi \u0219i coad\u0103 lung\u0103, uniform \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een p\u0103r, a\u0219a cum apar \u00een toate redact\u0103rile ulterioare ale standardului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Orslan, \u00eentemeietorul<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen 1960 au fost \u00eemperechea\u021bi masculul Vepkhia (ciob\u0103nesc caucazian) \u0219i c\u0103\u021beaua Tutti (Saint Bernard). Din ei s-a n\u0103scut, la 1 decembrie 1960, Orslan \u2014 viitor campion al rasei, campion al expozi\u021biei VDNH a URSS din 1967, c\u00e2ine de clas\u0103 \u00abElit\u0103\u00bb (clas\u0103 acordat\u0103 pentru urma\u0219i excelen\u021bi \u0219i ca exterior, \u0219i ca \u00eensu\u0219iri de serviciu). Pe el \u00eel nume\u0219te standardul \u00eentemeietor al rasei. Descrierea sa din 1968, f\u0103cut\u0103 la a 32-a expozi\u021bie municipal\u0103 a Moscovei de arbitrul de categorie republican\u0103 Anetta Iakovlevna Arhanghelskaia, c\u00e2nd avea aproape opt ani, consemneaz\u0103 cap tipic cu trecere excelent\u0103 de la frunte la bot, ochi \u00eenchi\u0219i la culoare, piept ad\u00e2nc \u0219i larg, unghiuri corecte \u2014 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, cinstit: \u00abmi\u0219c\u0103ri u\u0219or legate, \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0219te vizibil\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cel mai cunoscut fiu al lui Orslan a fost Dik; al\u0103turi de el \u2014 Murat, Jack-Djenal, Mal\u00ee\u0219 \u0219i Ikar. Clubul Na\u021bional afirm\u0103 c\u0103 a ref\u0103cut \u0219i a p\u0103strat liniile lui Dik, Murat, Mal\u00ee\u0219 \u0219i Ikar, iar grupele genealogice din Rusia sunt conduse \u0219i ast\u0103zi prin urma\u0219ii lor. Pentru o ras\u0103 cu baz\u0103 at\u00e2t de \u00eengust\u0103, asta are o consecin\u021b\u0103 practic\u0103: cu c\u00e2t r\u0103m\u00e2n mai multe linii vii, cu at\u00e2t sunt mai pu\u021bine \u00eemperecherile for\u021bate \u00eentre rude apropiate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cinci standarde \u00eentr-o jum\u0103tate de secol: ce s-a schimbat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova este un caz rar \u00een care se pot compara redact\u0103rile standardului \u0219i se vede \u00eencotro s-a \u00eendreptat rasa. Prima descriere publicat\u0103 a ap\u0103rut \u00een 1958, \u00een catalogul celei de-a 22-a expozi\u021bii municipale moscovite a c\u00e2inilor de serviciu (24\u201326 mai 1958) \u2014 pe atunci \u00eenc\u0103 pentru o grup\u0103 de ras\u0103. Apoi: 1985 \u2014 grupa prime\u0219te statut de ras\u0103 \u0219i apare un nou standard; la 17 aprilie 1992, standardul de atunci este aprobat de Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103 de Chinologie de Serviciu; \u00een 1997, o redactare cu mici modific\u0103ri este aprobat\u0103 de RKF \u0219i adoptat\u0103 de Departamentul pentru cre\u0219terea animalelor \u0219i selec\u021bie al Ministerului Agriculturii din Rusia; redactarea \u00een vigoare poart\u0103 data 23 aprilie 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rasa a crescut fizic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul din 1958 cerea masculilor cel pu\u021bin 66 cm la greab\u0103n, iar femelelor cel pu\u021bin 63 cm. Standardul \u00een vigoare ridic\u0103 pragul la 68 cm la masculi \u0219i 66 cm la femele, iar \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea dorit\u0103 o fixeaz\u0103 la 77\u201378 cm pentru masculi \u0219i 72\u201373 cm pentru femele, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio limit\u0103 superioar\u0103 de talie. M\u0103sur\u0103torile reproduc\u0103torilor de la mijlocul anilor 1950 arat\u0103 de unde s-a pornit: masculul Khim \u2014 73 cm \u0219i 54,7 kg; masculul Kheder \u2014 68 cm \u0219i 44 kg; c\u0103\u021beaua Khurma \u2014 68 cm \u0219i 50,5 kg; masculul Arik \u2014 72 cm \u0219i 50,6 kg. \u00centr-o jum\u0103tate de secol, rasa a ad\u0103ugat circa cinci centimetri la \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea dorit\u0103 \u0219i a c\u00e2\u0219tigat vizibil \u00een mas\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S-a schimbat \u0219i formula de origine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul din 1958 descrie originea simplu: grupa de ras\u0103 a fost ob\u021binut\u0103 prin \u00eencruci\u0219area saint bernarzilor cu ciob\u0103ne\u0219ti caucazieni, urmat\u0103 de \u00eemperecherea meti\u0219ilor \u00ab\u00eentre ei\u00bb, cu selec\u021bie riguroas\u0103 dup\u0103 tip \u0219i productivitate. Copoiul rusesc b\u0103l\u021bat nu apare \u00een acest text \u2014 el intr\u0103 \u00een formulare abia \u00een redact\u0103rile ulterioare. Nu e o contradic\u021bie, ci istoria normal\u0103 a unui document: \u00een 1958 s-a consemnat ce se considera esen\u021bial, iar formula a fost precizat\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pintenii: un serial de cincizeci de ani<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen standardul din 1958, la capitolul despre labe, exist\u0103 o not\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia sintagma \u00abse admit pintenii\u00bb a fost t\u0103iat\u0103 de A. P. Mazover. Standardul din 1992 cere deja explicit \u00eendep\u0103rtarea lor. Redactarea actual\u0103 merge mai departe: prezen\u021ba pintenilor este defect eliminatoriu. Un r\u00e2nd t\u0103iat \u00een anii 1950 s-a transformat, \u00eentr-o jum\u0103tate de secol, \u00een motiv de a l\u0103sa c\u00e2inele f\u0103r\u0103 calificativ \u00een ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aspectul exterior \u0219i standardele rasei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"707\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/au5anjuub5pvse2kaurc_1545219992.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 Aspectul exterior \u0219i standardele rasei\" class=\"wp-image-142724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/au5anjuub5pvse2kaurc_1545219992.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/au5anjuub5pvse2kaurc_1545219992-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/au5anjuub5pvse2kaurc_1545219992-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/au5anjuub5pvse2kaurc_1545219992-860x608.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul \u00een vigoare descrie Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova drept un c\u00e2ine de conforma\u021bie armonioas\u0103, de tip robust \u0219i puternic, de talie mare, larg \u00een corp, cu trunchiul u\u0219or alungit \u0219i musculatur\u0103 voluminoas\u0103 \u2014 activ \u0219i mobil. Dimorfismul sexual este pronun\u021bat: masculii sunt mai masivi \u0219i mai viguro\u0219i dec\u00e2t femelele. Standardul nu se mul\u021bume\u0219te cu adjective: fixeaz\u0103 propor\u021biile \u00een cifre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Propor\u021biile pe care arbitrul trebuie s\u0103 le verifice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Raportul dintre lungimea trunchiului \u0219i \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea la greab\u0103n este de 104\u2013105 % la masculi \u0219i 106\u2013108 % la femele (femelele sunt pu\u021bin mai alungite, iar asta e normal). Ad\u00e2ncimea cutiei toracice \u2014 50\u201352 % din \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea la greab\u0103n. Lungimea botului \u2014 34\u201337 % din lungimea capului. \u00cen\u0103l\u021bimea la cot \u2014 50\u201352 % din \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea la greab\u0103n. Ultima cifr\u0103 merit\u0103 aten\u021bie aparte: c\u00e2inele nu trebuie s\u0103 fie nici \u00abpe catalige\u00bb, nici scund pe picioare \u2014 aproximativ jum\u0103tate din talie revine membrului p\u00e2n\u0103 la cot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Capul \u0219i botul<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Capul este masiv, lat \u0219i ad\u00e2nc \u00een regiunea cranian\u0103, cu fruntea larg\u0103, u\u0219or bombat\u0103, \u0219i \u0219an\u021b longitudinal pu\u021bin ad\u00e2nc. Trecerea de la frunte la bot este scurt\u0103, bine marcat\u0103, destul de ad\u00e2nc\u0103. Botul este ceva mai scurt dec\u00e2t craniul, lat, bont, ad\u00e2nc, bine umplut sub ochi; liniile frun\u021bii \u0219i ale botului sunt paralele. Buzele sunt groase, c\u0103rnoase, negre \u2014 \u0219i aici standardul traseaz\u0103 o limit\u0103 important\u0103: cu gura \u00eenchis\u0103 acoper\u0103 complet maxilarul inferior, dar <em>nu formeaz\u0103 b\u0103rbii \u0219i pliuri l\u0103sate<\/em>. Este o barier\u0103 direct\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u00abumezelii\u00bb de tip Saint Bernard: buza care formeaz\u0103 un \u00abbuzunar\u00bb este defect grav, iar calificativul nu urc\u0103 peste \u00abbine\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Denti\u021bia este complet\u0103 \u2014 42 de din\u021bi, mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een foarfece, incisivii alinia\u021bi la baz\u0103. Apare aici o concesie tipic\u0103 unei rase de lucru: incisivii sau caninii rup\u021bi ori pierdu\u021bi, dac\u0103 nu \u00eempiedic\u0103 aprecierea mu\u0219c\u0103turii, nu influen\u021beaz\u0103 calificativul. \u00cen schimb, lipsa fie \u0219i a unui singur dinte descalific\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ochii \u0219i pleoapele \u2014 locul urm\u0103rit cel mai atent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ochii sunt mici, \u00eenchi\u0219i la culoare, rotunzi, ad\u00e2nc \u00eenfunda\u021bi, larg \u0219i drept plasa\u021bi, cu expresie calm\u0103 \u0219i sigur\u0103. Pleoapele \u2014 negre, str\u00e2nse, moderat uscate. Formularea \u00abmoderat uscate\u00bb nu este cosmetic\u0103: printre defectele grave stau \u00abpleoapele l\u0103sate\u00bb \u0219i \u00abpleoapa a treia puternic dezvoltat\u0103\u00bb, iar printre cele eliminatorii \u2014 pleoapele maro. Standardul din 1992 avea aceea\u0219i cerin\u021b\u0103 (\u00abpleoape negre, uscate\u00bb) \u0219i acela\u0219i defect; cel din 1958 o formula mai scurt: \u00abPleoapele \u00eentinse\u00bb. Acela\u0219i defect de construc\u021bie este \u021binut \u00een vizor de-a lungul \u00eentregii istorii a rasei \u2014 motivul se vede \u00een capitolul despre s\u0103n\u0103tate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Blana \u0219i culoarea<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blana este deas\u0103, lung\u0103, bogat\u0103, cu subp\u0103r bine dezvoltat; p\u0103rul de acoperire este drept, mai scurt pe cap \u0219i pe partea anterioar\u0103 a membrelor. P\u0103rul de podoab\u0103 este mai dezvoltat la masculi \u0219i formeaz\u0103 \u00abcoama\u00bb de pe g\u00e2t \u0219i \u00abfranjurii\u00bb de pe partea posterioar\u0103 a membrelor; coada este uniform \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een p\u0103r. O ondula\u021bie u\u0219oar\u0103 se admite numai pe \u0219ale, crup\u0103 \u0219i coapse \u2014 nic\u0103ieri altundeva. P\u0103rul cre\u021b \u0219i blana foarte scurt\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 p\u0103r de podoab\u0103, sunt defecte grave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Culoarea este ro\u0219cat-b\u0103l\u021bat\u0103, cu pete: fond alb cu pete ro\u0219cate, ro\u0219cat-negre, negru-ro\u0219cate sau de culoarea samurului; nuan\u021ba ro\u0219cat\u0103 este obligatorie. Obligatorii sunt \u0219i pieptul alb, membrele anterioare p\u00e2n\u0103 la cot \u0219i cele posterioare p\u00e2n\u0103 la gamb\u0103, plus v\u00e2rful cozii. Sunt preferate stropitura pe fondul alb, \u00abochelarii\u00bb \u00eenchi\u0219i la culoare \u0219i negrul de pe urechi. Standardul nume\u0219te ideal capul \u00eenchis la culoare prin masc\u0103 neagr\u0103, \u00abochelari\u00bb negri \u0219i urechi negre \u2014 \u00een contrast cu un trunchi mai deschis \u0219i pete ro\u0219cate, delimitate de alb prin margini clare, de culoarea samurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comentariul Clubului Na\u021bional la capitolul \u00abCuloare\u00bb, redactat cu consultarea doctorului \u00een \u0219tiin\u021be biologice M. N. Sotskaia, desface asta \u00een genetic\u0103. B\u0103l\u021b\u0103tura se datoreaz\u0103 genelor recesive <em>ss<\/em>; culoarea petelor pigmentate \u2014 genelor <em>a<sup>y<\/sup>a<sup>y<\/sup><\/em> (seria samurie, de la nuan\u021be ro\u0219cate la ro\u0219u aprins cu c\u0103rbune); stropitura \u2014 genei dominante <em>T<\/em>. Suprafa\u021ba zonelor albe trebuie s\u0103 fie de cel pu\u021bin 30 % \u0219i cel mult 85 % \u2014 pe scara \u00een zece trepte a b\u0103l\u021b\u0103turii propus\u0103 de R. Robinson (1982), intervalul dorit este de 3\u20137 puncte, cu condi\u021bia obligatorie ca fa\u021ba \u0219i botul s\u0103 fie pigmentate. Se precizeaz\u0103 separat c\u0103 \u00abb\u0103l\u021b\u0103tura irlandez\u0103\u00bb \u2014 mici \u00eensemne albe pe fond pigmentat \u2014 <strong>nu<\/strong> corespunde standardului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00abOchelarii\u00bb merit\u0103 vorb\u0103 separat\u0103, fiind elementul care face rasa recognoscibil\u0103. Asimetria puternic\u0103, \u00abochelarii\u00bb f\u0103r\u0103 contur negru, absen\u021ba lor sau \u00abmonoclul\u00bb unilateral, \u00abochelarii\u00bb care nu acoper\u0103 col\u021bul intern al ochiului \u2014 toate sunt defecte grave, cu calificativ care nu urc\u0103 peste \u00abbine\u00bb. Comentariul clubului explic\u0103 logica: asimetria marcat\u0103 este un caracter clar ereditar. Stropitura de pe fondul alb se intensific\u0103 cu v\u00e2rsta: la pui poate fi abia vizibil\u0103, iar c\u0103tre doi ani devine vie \u0219i clar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cenc\u0103 o consecin\u021b\u0103 a raselor de baz\u0103: \u00een ringuri apar \u0219i ast\u0103zi c\u00e2ini cu p\u0103r scurt \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 p\u0103r de podoab\u0103 \u2014 ei poart\u0103 \u00een genotip \u00eensu\u0219irile saint bernarzilor \u0219i ale ciob\u0103ne\u0219tilor caucazieni cu p\u0103r scurt. P\u0103rul scurt domin\u0103 asupra celui lung, de aceea clubul cere ca defectul s\u0103 fie obligatoriu notat \u00een descrieri: influen\u021beaz\u0103 direct selec\u021bia pentru reproduc\u021bie. Blana se formeaz\u0103 complet p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1\u20131,5 ani, dup\u0103 a doua n\u0103p\u00e2rlire complet\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Parametru (standardul \u00een vigoare)<\/th><th>Masculi<\/th><th>Femele<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bimea minim\u0103 la greab\u0103n<\/td><td>68 cm<\/td><td>66 cm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00cen\u0103l\u021bimea dorit\u0103 la greab\u0103n<\/td><td>77\u201378 cm<\/td><td>72\u201373 cm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Limita superioar\u0103 de talie<\/td><td>nu exist\u0103<\/td><td>nu exist\u0103<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Greutate<\/td><td>de la 55 kg<\/td><td>de la 45 kg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indicele de alungire (trunchi\/talie)<\/td><td>104\u2013105 %<\/td><td>106\u2013108 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ad\u00e2ncimea pieptului raportat\u0103 la talie<\/td><td>50\u201352 %<\/td><td>50\u201352 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tipul bl\u0103nii<\/td><td>Lung\u0103, deas\u0103, cu subp\u0103r dezvoltat<\/td><td>Lung\u0103, deas\u0103, cu subp\u0103r dezvoltat<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defectele eliminatorii merit\u0103 cunoscute \u00eenc\u0103 dinainte de cump\u0103rarea unui pui: frica sau excitabilitatea excesiv\u0103; orice abatere de la mu\u0219c\u0103tura \u00een foarfece; lipsa unui dinte; maxilar str\u00e2mb; pleoape \u0219i truf\u0103 maro; ochi alba\u0219tri sau verzi \u0219i heterocromie; prezen\u021ba pintenilor; mi\u0219c\u0103ri dezechilibrate; buiestru; masculi de tip femel\u0103; criptorhidie complet\u0103 sau unilateral\u0103. C\u00e2inii bolnavi, cu malforma\u021bii sau cu traume r\u0103m\u00e2n f\u0103r\u0103 calificativ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Statutul recunoa\u0219terii: ce exist\u0103 \u0219i ce nu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aceasta e partea \u00een care rasei i se atribuie cel mai des mai mult dec\u00e2t are. De aceea, pe puncte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce exist\u0103.<\/strong> Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova este ras\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 recunoscut\u0103 \u00een sistemul Federa\u021biei Chinologice Ruse (RKF). Standardul \u00een vigoare, cu data public\u0103rii 23.04.2008, este publicat de RKF \u00een sec\u021biunea standardelor grupei a doua; adoptarea lui de Departamentul pentru cre\u0219terea animalelor \u0219i selec\u021bie al ministerului de resort este consemnat\u0103 chiar \u00een textul standardului. Rasa are Club Na\u021bional, expozi\u021bii monorasiale, sistem de titluri \u0219i linii care coboar\u0103 de la Orslan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce nu exist\u0103.<\/strong> \u00cen nomenclatorul Federa\u021biei Chinologice Interna\u021bionale (FCI) rasa nu figureaz\u0103. Lista raselor FCI la litera M nu con\u021bine nici \u00abMoscow Watchdog\u00bb, nici \u00abMoskovskaya Storozhevaya\u00bb; nu apare nici printre rasele recunoscute provizoriu. Consecin\u021ba practic\u0103: la expozi\u021biile FCI rasa nu poate ob\u021bine CACIB sau titluri interna\u021bionale ca ras\u0103 recunoscut\u0103, iar pedigriurile RKF emise pentru ea nu au statutul de pedigriuri ale unei rase recunoscute de FCI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Detaliul cel mai gr\u0103itor.<\/strong> Clubul Na\u021bional public\u0103, ca document separat, \u00abstandardul trimis la FCI\u00bb \u2014 o versiune englez\u0103 \u00een formatul FCI, tradus\u0103 de O. \u0218ebarova sub redac\u021bia lui E. Ierusalimski. \u00cen antetul lui stau \u00abFCI-Standard Nr.: 000\u00bb \u0219i \u00abDATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 00.00.0000\u00bb. Cererea este \u00eentocmit\u0103 dup\u0103 \u0219ablonul interna\u021bional, iar num\u0103rul standardului este un spa\u021biu gol. Acesta e cel mai exact r\u0103spuns la \u00eentrebarea despre recunoa\u0219tere: dosarul a fost depus, num\u0103rul nu exist\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O subtilitate care deruteaz\u0103: chiar \u00een textul rusesc al standardului exist\u0103 r\u00e2ndul \u00abClasificare FCI: Grupa 2, Sec\u021biunea 2.2 Molosoizi, f\u0103r\u0103 probe de lucru\u00bb. Este clasificarea pe care autorii au <em>propus-o<\/em> \u00een cerere, nu o \u00eenregistrare \u00een registrul FCI. Dac\u0103 vede\u021bi fraza \u00abrasa apar\u021bine grupei a 2-a FCI\u00bb, ea vine de aici \u2014 din textul cererii, nu din nomenclator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0218i formularea \u00abf\u0103r\u0103 probe de lucru\u00bb merit\u0103 un comentariu: pentru titlurile de expozi\u021bie examenul de lucru nu este obligatoriu, iar la o ras\u0103 de paz\u0103 acesta e un decalaj vizibil \u00eentre destina\u021bie \u0219i ce se verific\u0103 efectiv \u00een ring. Clasa de lucru la expozi\u021biile RKF exist\u0103, dar \u00eenscrierea este voluntar\u0103: sunt necesare certificate de \u00eensu\u0219iri de lucru de model unic, recunoscute de RKF (ascultare general\u0103 plus serviciu de protec\u021bie sau serviciu de paz\u0103).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caracter \u0219i temperament: mai mult dec\u00e2t un simplu paznic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-18.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 Caracter \u0219i temperament: mai mult dec\u00e2t un simplu paznic\" class=\"wp-image-142739\" style=\"width:531px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-18.jpg 670w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-18-282x300.jpg 282w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul descrie comportamentul rasei surprinz\u0103tor de am\u0103nun\u021bit \u2014 mai mult dec\u00e2t standardele multor rase de paz\u0103. C\u00e2inele este ascult\u0103tor, sigur pe sine, echilibrat, \u00abinteligent \u00eentre c\u00e2inii de veghe\u00bb, cu instinct de paz\u0103 puternic exprimat, autonom \u0219i sociabil, devotat f\u0103r\u0103 rezerve st\u0103p\u00e2nului \u0219i \u00eentregii familii, f\u0103r\u0103 agresivitate nemotivat\u0103. Fiecare cuv\u00e2nt e \u00eenc\u0103rcat: \u00abautonom\u00bb nu e compliment, ci avertisment, iar \u00abnu manifest\u0103 agresivitate nemotivat\u0103\u00bb fixeaz\u0103 un prag sub care c\u00e2inele nu are dreptul s\u0103 coboare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De la Saint Bernard rasa a preluat echilibrul \u0219i lipsa agresivit\u0103\u021bii f\u0103r\u0103 motiv, de la Ciob\u0103nescul Caucazian \u2014 ne\u00eencrederea fa\u021b\u0103 de str\u0103ini \u0219i reac\u021bia instantanee la pericol. \u00cen practic\u0103: Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova nu latr\u0103 la fiecare trec\u0103tor de dincolo de gard, ci evalueaz\u0103 situa\u021bia \u0219i reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u00e2nd limita a fost dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00cencredere \u00een sine.<\/strong> Acest c\u00e2ine \u00ee\u0219i cunoa\u0219te for\u021ba. Nu se agit\u0103 inutil \u2014 \u0219i tocmai de aceea reac\u021bia lui poate fi nea\u0219teptat de rapid\u0103 pentru cine l-a citit drept flegmatic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Teritorialitate.<\/strong> Paza teritoriului \u00eei este \u00een s\u00e2nge. Nu trebuie \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat mult timp s\u0103 p\u0103zeasc\u0103 curtea \u2014 o va face instinctiv. Reversul: limita teritoriului \u0219i-o stabile\u0219te singur, iar ea poate s\u0103 nu coincid\u0103 cu cea din mintea dumneavoastr\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ata\u0219ament familial.<\/strong> Spre deosebire de multe rase de serviciu, Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova este foarte ata\u0219at de familie. Nu \u00ee\u0219i alege un singur st\u0103p\u00e2n, ci \u00eei ia sub aripa sa pe to\u021bi \u00abai lui\u00bb \u2014 standardul \u0219i materialele clubului coincid \u00een acest punct.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este un c\u00e2ine cu inteligen\u021b\u0103 ridicat\u0103, capabil s\u0103 ia decizii independente, iar asta \u00eel deosebe\u0219te de multe alte rase. De exemplu, dac\u0103 \u00eel compar\u0103m cu c\u0103\u021beii decorativi, precum <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-chihuahua\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chihuahua<\/a>, care depind complet de om \u0219i reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 emo\u021bional, Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova este un analist. El evalueaz\u0103 gradul de amenin\u021bare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Merit\u0103 men\u021bionat\u0103 \u0219i diferen\u021ba de temperament fa\u021b\u0103 de rasele de v\u00e2n\u0103toare. <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-estonian-hound\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copoiul Estonian<\/a>, de pild\u0103, este orientat spre urm\u0103rirea pr\u0103zii \u0219i se poate l\u0103sa furat de miros, ignor\u00e2nd comenzile. Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova nu \u00ee\u0219i va p\u0103r\u0103si niciodat\u0103 postul pentru o pisic\u0103 sau un iepure. Prioritatea lui este perimetrul \u0219i siguran\u021ba obiectivului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cui nu i se potrive\u0219te aceast\u0103 ras\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0103 spunem direct: nu este un c\u00e2ine pentru prima experien\u021b\u0103. Motivele nu \u021bin de \u00abr\u0103utate\u00bb \u2014 dimpotriv\u0103, agresivitatea nemotivat\u0103 nu e prev\u0103zut\u0103 de standard, iar frica \u0219i excitabilitatea excesiv\u0103 descalific\u0103. Motivele sunt structurale. Un mascul adult c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te de la 55 kg \u0219i este fizic mai puternic dec\u00e2t omul; se maturizeaz\u0103 psihologic \u00eencet, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2\u20133 ani, \u0219i tot acest timp testeaz\u0103 activ limitele. Este autonom prin \u00eens\u0103\u0219i defini\u021bia rasei \u2014 \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie de conflict decide mai repede dec\u00e2t apuc\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103 dea comanda. Este teritorial \u0219i p\u0103ze\u0219te instinctiv, f\u0103r\u0103 instruire, a\u0219a c\u0103 o gre\u0219eal\u0103 \u00een gestionarea contactelor cu oaspe\u021bii se pl\u0103te\u0219te cu urm\u0103ri ireversibile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apartamentul este un subiect aparte, iar aici sursele noastre nu coincid, a\u0219a c\u0103 le d\u0103m pe am\u00e2ndou\u0103. Standardul afirm\u0103, la capitolul despre destina\u021bie, c\u0103 rasa \u00abse acomodeaz\u0103 excelent \u0219i \u00een apartament, \u0219i \u00eentr-o cas\u0103 privat\u0103\u00bb. Comentariul clubului la capitolul despre blan\u0103 descrie altfel realitatea: cea mai mare parte a efectivului este folosit\u0103 conform destina\u021biei directe \u2014 paza teritoriului, iar la expozi\u021bii vine un num\u0103r mare de c\u00e2ini \u021binu\u021bi afar\u0103. Sfatul nostru e practic: un c\u00e2ine a c\u0103rui blan\u0103 e proiectat\u0103 pentru via\u021b\u0103 \u00een aer liber tot anul st\u0103 \u00eentr-un apartament \u00eenc\u0103lzit \u00een disconfort termic permanent \u0219i n\u0103p\u00e2rle\u0219te mai abundent. Dac\u0103 alt\u0103 variant\u0103 nu exist\u0103, preg\u0103ti\u021bi-v\u0103 pentru plimb\u0103ri lungi (minimum 2\u20133 ore pe zi) \u0219i pentru periat zilnic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dresaj \u0219i educa\u021bie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"626\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577.avif\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 Dresaj \u0219i educa\u021bie\" class=\"wp-image-142754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577.avif 626w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577-300x200.avif 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577-330x220.avif 330w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577-420x280.avif 420w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/big-dog-breed-moscow-watchdog-near-owner-park-walk_199743-12577-615x410.avif 615w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dresajul acestei rase cere de la st\u0103p\u00e2n r\u0103bdare \u0219i fermitate, dar nu cruzime. Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova se maturizeaz\u0103 t\u00e2rziu: psihologic, se formeaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2\u20133 ani. Dar instruirea trebuie \u00eenceput\u0103 din primele zile de c\u00e2nd puiul ajunge \u00een cas\u0103 \u2014 nu pentru c\u0103 \u00abtrebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie comenzi\u00bb, ci pentru c\u0103 atunci se formeaz\u0103 limitele care apoi nu se mai rescriu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Principii de baz\u0103 ale lucrului<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Principala gre\u0219eal\u0103 a \u00eencep\u0103torilor este \u00eencercarea de a \u00ab\u00eenfr\u00e2nge\u00bb c\u00e2inele prin for\u021b\u0103. Cu aceast\u0103 ras\u0103 nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103: el este fizic mai puternic dec\u00e2t omul, iar dac\u0103 simte o nedreptate se \u00eenchide \u00een sine sau r\u0103spunde cu agresivitate. Baza succesului este parteneriatul, \u00een care omul e liderul incontestabil. Un reper istoric: canisa care a creat rasa nu selecta reproduc\u0103torii doar dup\u0103 exterior \u2014 to\u021bi c\u00e2inii p\u0103stra\u021bi treceau obligatoriu prin dresaj \u0219i printr-o selec\u021bie dup\u0103 \u00eensu\u0219irile de serviciu, iar cei care nu intrau \u00een reproduc\u021bie erau repartiza\u021bi la servicii. Maniabilitatea f\u0103cea parte din caietul de sarcini, nu era un efect secundar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cursul general de dresaj este minimul obligatoriu: un c\u00e2ine mare \u0219i necontrolat, \u00een ora\u0219 sau chiar la \u021bar\u0103, este o surs\u0103 de pericol sporit. Aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 comenzilor de oprire: \u00abNu\u00bb, \u00abStai\u00bb, \u00abAici\u00bb. Ele, \u0219i nu deprinderile de ap\u0103rare, sunt instrumentul dumneavoastr\u0103: s\u0103 apere, acest c\u00e2ine \u0219tie \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 dumneavoastr\u0103; s\u0103 se opreasc\u0103 la cerere \u2014 nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Socializarea trebuie s\u0103 fie timpurie \u0219i sistematic\u0103. \u021aine\u021bi minte particularitatea de ras\u0103: c\u00e2inele p\u0103ze\u0219te teritoriul instinctiv, a\u0219a c\u0103 fiecare oaspete nou nu e o simpl\u0103 \u00abobi\u0219nuire\u00bb, ci un scenariu separat, pe care trebuie s\u0103-l scrie\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103-l repeta\u021bi. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 propune\u021bi un traseu de expozi\u021bie, re\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103 arbitrul evalueaz\u0103 temperamentul \u00een ring, iar frica sau excitabilitatea excesiv\u0103 descalific\u0103 \u2014 un psihic instabil \u00eenchide \u0219i drumul spre reproduc\u021bie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00centre\u021binere \u0219i \u00eengrijire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya-1024x819.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 \u00centre\u021binere \u0219i \u00eengrijire\" class=\"wp-image-142769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya-860x688.jpg 860w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poroda-moskovskaya-storozhevaya.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Locul ideal pentru un Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova este un \u021barc spa\u021bios cu cu\u0219c\u0103 izolat\u0103 termic \u0219i mi\u0219care liber\u0103 \u00een curtea \u00eemprejmuit\u0103 a unei case private. Nu e o variant\u0103 \u00abspartan\u0103\u00bb, ci regimul pentru care rasa a fost proiectat\u0103: rezisten\u021ba la condi\u021biile climatice figura \u00een caietul de sarcini, iar blana, potrivit comentariului clubului, trebuie s\u0103 permit\u0103 traiul permanent afar\u0103 pe orice vreme, inclusiv \u00een ierni aspre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00cengrijirea bl\u0103nii<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blana are nevoie de periere regulat\u0103: \u00een perioadele obi\u0219nuite 1\u20132 ori pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, iar \u00een timpul n\u0103p\u00e2rlirii (prim\u0103vara \u0219i toamna) zilnic. Ve\u021bi avea nevoie de o perie tip \u021bes\u0103l\u0103 \u0219i de un pieptene metalic cu din\u021bi lungi. Comentariul clubului adaug\u0103 un detaliu practic: blana corect\u0103 a Ciob\u0103nescului de Moscova tinde s\u0103 se autocure\u021be \u0219i nu are nevoie de cosmetice pentru un aspect \u00abde expozi\u021bie\u00bb; c\u00e2inii tun\u0219i sau trata\u021bi cu produse care umfl\u0103 p\u0103rul nu sunt bine v\u0103zu\u021bi \u00een ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exist\u0103 \u0219i un semn diagnostic de cunoscut. Dac\u0103 subp\u0103rul e mai lung dec\u00e2t p\u0103rul de acoperire, c\u00e2inele pare \u00abpufos\u00bb \u2014 nu dr\u0103gu\u021b, ci problematic: p\u0103rul de acoperire nu mai protejeaz\u0103 subp\u0103rul de umezeal\u0103, nu asigur\u0103 ventila\u021bie \u0219i termoizola\u021bie, iar blana se ud\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenghea\u021b\u0103. Acela\u0219i lucru \u00eel arat\u0103 ondula\u021bia de pe \u0219ale \u0219i crup\u0103: p\u0103rul de acoperire nu e destul de aspru. Pentru un c\u00e2ine \u021binut afar\u0103, asta nu \u021bine de estetic\u0103, ci de iernat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ochii, urechile, din\u021bii<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examina\u021bi ochii regulat \u2014 este punctul slab al rasei prin origine (detaliat \u00een capitolul urm\u0103tor). Orice l\u0103crimare permanent\u0103, mijire a ochilor, frecare a botului cu laba sau de obiecte cere nu \u0219tergere cu lo\u021biune, ci o vizit\u0103 la medicul veterinar oftalmolog: \u00een spatele acestor semne st\u0103 adesea entropionul, care se trateaz\u0103 chirurgical, nu prin igien\u0103. Urechile, lipite cu marginea anterioar\u0103 de pome\u021bi, se aerisesc mai prost dec\u00e2t cele drepte, deci examina\u021bi-le s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nal. C\u00e2t despre din\u021bi \u2014 de vreme ce lipsa unuia descalific\u0103, obi\u0219nui\u021bi puiul cu examinarea gurii din primele s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alimenta\u021bia: recomand\u0103ri cheie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/xjhldi6cq1ow8xpgg0xqrs9mldsml5x7uj4sy9pf.webp\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 Alimenta\u021bia: recomand\u0103ri cheie\" class=\"wp-image-142814\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/xjhldi6cq1ow8xpgg0xqrs9mldsml5x7uj4sy9pf.webp 600w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/xjhldi6cq1ow8xpgg0xqrs9mldsml5x7uj4sy9pf-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/xjhldi6cq1ow8xpgg0xqrs9mldsml5x7uj4sy9pf-150x150.webp 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hr\u0103nirea unui uria\u0219 este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd o chestiune de ritm de cre\u0219tere, nu de volum al castronului. Ra\u021bia poate fi alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din produse naturale (carne, cereale, legume) sau din hran\u0103 preparat\u0103 pentru rase uria\u0219e. Regulile-cheie sunt trei \u0219i toate au temei experimental.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prima: s\u0103 nu supraalimenta\u021bi, mai ales puiul.<\/strong> \u00centr-un experiment clasic pe 48 de labradori (Kealy et al., \u00abJournal of the American Veterinary Medical Association\u00bb, 1992), dou\u0103 grupe de c\u00e2te 24 de c\u00e2ini au primit aceea\u0219i hran\u0103, dar una cu 25 % mai pu\u021bin\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 la doi ani. La aceast\u0103 v\u00e2rst\u0103, prin metoda OFA, displazia de \u0219old a fost diagnosticat\u0103 la 7 din 24 de c\u00e2ini din grupul cu ra\u021bie limitat\u0103, fa\u021b\u0103 de 16 din 24 la hr\u0103nire la discre\u021bie; prin metoda suedez\u0103 \u2014 5 din 24 fa\u021b\u0103 de 18 din 24. Nu e vorba despre ras\u0103, ci despre un mecanism valabil la to\u021bi c\u00e2inii cu cre\u0219tere rapid\u0103: excesul de hran\u0103 \u00een perioada de cre\u0219tere m\u0103re\u0219te direct riscul de displazie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A doua: s\u0103 nu \u00ab\u00eent\u0103ri\u021bi\u00bb ra\u021bia cu calciu.<\/strong> Un studiu comparativ pe dogi germani \u0219i pudeli pitici crescu\u021bi cu aceea\u0219i ra\u021bie echilibrat\u0103 (Tryfonidou et al., \u00abJournal of Animal Science\u00bb, 2003) a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 rasele uria\u0219e cresc cu o reglare hormonal\u0103 a calciului fundamental diferit\u0103: la dogi, hormonul de cre\u0219tere \u0219i IGF-I sunt mai ridicate, turnoverul osos e mai intens, iar pl\u0103cile de cre\u0219tere sunt vizibil mai neregulate, cu tulbur\u0103ri ale osific\u0103rii endocondrale. De aceea puii de rase uria\u0219e sunt mai sensibili \u0219i la caren\u021ba, \u0219i la excesul de calciu dec\u00e2t c\u00e2inii mici, \u0219i de aceea suplimentele date din proprie ini\u021biativ\u0103 sunt periculoase pentru ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A treia: por\u021bii mai mici \u0219i nu de pe suport.<\/strong> Punctul \u021bine direct de torsiunea gastric\u0103 \u2014 cifrele sunt \u00een capitolul urm\u0103tor. Practic: \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi norma zilnic\u0103 \u00een cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 mese, nu l\u0103sa\u021bi c\u00e2inele s\u0103 \u00eenghit\u0103 hrana \u00een grab\u0103 \u0219i da\u021bi-i lini\u0219te dup\u0103 mas\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Tip produs<\/th><th>Particularit\u0103\u021bi pentru Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova<\/th><th>Frecven\u021b\u0103<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Carne (vit\u0103, burt\u0103)<\/td><td>Sursa principal\u0103 de proteine. Se d\u0103 crud\u0103 (congelat\u0103 \u00een prealabil) sau op\u0103rit\u0103.<\/td><td>Zilnic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cereale (orez, hri\u0219c\u0103)<\/td><td>Surs\u0103 de energie. Se fierb \u00een sup\u0103 de carne sau ap\u0103.<\/td><td>Zilnic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Legume (morcov, dovleac)<\/td><td>Fibre pentru digestie.<\/td><td>2-3 ori pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Produse lactate fermentate<\/td><td>Calciu pentru oase. Br\u00e2nz\u0103 de vaci, chefir. Suplimentele de calciu \u2014 numai la indica\u021bia medicului.<\/td><td>2-3 ori pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 (la pui mai des)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oase<\/td><td>Doar oase mari \u00abcu m\u0103duv\u0103\u00bb. Oasele tubulare de pas\u0103re sunt strict interzise!<\/td><td>Ca recompens\u0103<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u0103n\u0103tate \u0219i boli tipice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-puppy-1024x535-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 S\u0103n\u0103tate \u0219i boli tipice\" class=\"wp-image-142784\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-puppy-1024x535-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-puppy-1024x535-1-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-puppy-1024x535-1-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/moscow-watchdog-puppy-1024x535-1-860x449.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen continuare separ\u0103m ce este documentat pentru rasa \u00eens\u0103\u0219i de ce se \u0219tie despre riscurile raselor ei de baz\u0103 \u0219i ale c\u00e2inilor uria\u0219i \u00een general. Separarea e esen\u021bial\u0103: pentru Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova nu exist\u0103 cohorte veterinare mari, deci un r\u0103spuns cinstit se construie\u0219te din dou\u0103 surse inegale ca putere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pleoapele: singurul defect documentat \u00een rasa \u00eens\u0103\u0219i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cel mai interesant e c\u0103 problema nu este consemnat\u0103 \u00een analize clinice moderne, ci \u00een arhiva canisei. \u00cen descrierile pe care \u00abSteaua Ro\u0219ie\u00bb le f\u0103cea pentru fiecare c\u00e2ine al grupei de ras\u0103 \u00een 1955\u20131956, despre c\u0103\u021beaua Khurma se spune: cap de tip Saint Bernard, cu trecere brusc\u0103 \u0219i <em>pleoape umede, l\u0103sate<\/em>. \u00cen acelea\u0219i descrieri, la Djoi \u0219i la Divn\u00eei este notat\u0103 \u00abbuza l\u0103sat\u0103\u00bb. Prima genera\u021bie a adus deci de la Saint Bernard o construc\u021bie a botului cu tendin\u021b\u0103 spre exces de piele \u00een jurul ochiului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reac\u021bia selec\u021bionerilor se cite\u0219te \u00een textele standardelor. 1958: \u00abPleoapele \u00eentinse\u00bb. 1992: \u00abPleoape negre, uscate\u00bb, iar \u00abpleoapele l\u0103sate\u00bb \u0219i \u00abpleoapa a treia excesiv dezvoltat\u0103\u00bb \u2014 defecte grave. Redactarea \u00een vigoare: \u00abPleoape negre, str\u00e2nse, moderat uscate\u00bb; la defecte grave \u2014 \u00abpleoape l\u0103sate, pleoapa a treia puternic dezvoltat\u0103\u00bb; la eliminatorii \u2014 pleoape maro. Versiunea englez\u0103 depus\u0103 la FCI enumer\u0103 printre defectele serioase \u00abloose eyelids, third eyelid\u00bb. Caz rar \u00een care se vede lan\u021bul complet: defectul la \u00eentemeietori, lupta cu el \u00een fiecare redactare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 asta pentru st\u0103p\u00e2n. Entropionul (pleoapa r\u0103sucit\u0103 spre interior) \u0219i ectropionul (pleoapa r\u0103sfr\u00e2nt\u0103 spre exterior) nu sunt chestiuni cosmetice: pleoapa \u00eentoars\u0103 freac\u0103 corneea, provoac\u0103 durere, ulcere, iar \u00een cazurile neglijate \u2014 pierderea vederii. Amploarea problemei o d\u0103 un studiu britanic de medicin\u0103 veterinar\u0103 de prim\u0103 linie (O\u2019Neill et al., \u00abPLoS ONE\u00bb, 2025), pe datele programului VetCompass: din 2 250 417 de c\u00e2ini, prevalen\u021ba anual\u0103 a entropionului a fost de 0,33 %, iar a ectropionului de 0,04 %. Printre rasele cu cea mai mare prevalen\u021b\u0103 anual\u0103 a ectropionului se afl\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/breed-saint-bernard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Saint Bernardul<\/a> (1,72 %, I\u00ce 95 % 0,86\u20133,05) \u2014 una dintre cele dou\u0103 rase de baz\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te astfel nivelul general canin de aproximativ patruzeci de ori. Chirurgical au fost tratate 18,2 % dintre cazurile noi de entropion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concluzia practic\u0103: c\u00e2nd alege\u021bi un pui, uita\u021bi-v\u0103 la pleoapele p\u0103rin\u021bilor \u0219i nu cump\u0103ra\u021bi \u00abumezeala dr\u0103g\u0103la\u0219\u0103\u00bb \u2014 nu degeaba standardul o nume\u0219te defect grav. La adult, examinarea ochilor e o procedur\u0103 zilnic\u0103: \u00eenro\u0219irea, mijirea ochilor \u0219i secre\u021biile care revin mereu cer un oftalmolog, nu o solu\u021bie de ceai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Torsiunea gastric\u0103 (GDV): amenin\u021barea cea mai rapid\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dilata\u021bia acut\u0103 cu torsiune a stomacului ucide \u00een c\u00e2teva ore. Cel mai amplu studiu de cohort\u0103 prospectiv asupra factorilor de risc (Glickman et al., \u00abJAVMA\u00bb, 2000) a urm\u0103rit 1 637 de c\u00e2ini din unsprezece rase mari \u0219i uria\u0219e, printre care \u0219i Saint Bernardul; inciden\u021ba cumulat\u0103 pe durata studiului a fost de 6 %. Cre\u0219teau semnificativ riscul: v\u00e2rsta \u00eenaintat\u0103, prezen\u021ba unei rude de gradul \u00eent\u00e2i cu antecedente de torsiune, viteza mai mare de consumare a hranei \u0219i <strong>castronul ridicat<\/strong>. Ultimul punct merit\u0103 subliniat: circa 52 % dintre cazurile la rasele uria\u0219e au fost puse de autori pe seama castronului \u00een\u0103l\u021bat. Sfatul de a a\u0219eza castronul unui uria\u0219 pe suport, \u00eenc\u0103 frecvent, contrazice aceste date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Punctul despre ruda de gradul \u00eent\u00e2i \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 predispozi\u021bia se transmite. O confirm\u0103 o lucrare genomic\u0103 (Piras et al., \u00abGenes\u00bb, 2020) care, pe 253 de c\u00e2ini din zece rase, a g\u0103sit variante asociate cu GDV, \u00eentre altele \u00een gene implicate \u00een tonusul \u0219i motilitatea stomacului; tot acolo, riscul pe durata vie\u021bii pentru rasele mari \u0219i uria\u0219e este estimat la 3,9\u201336,7 %. \u00centrebarea despre episoade de torsiune la p\u0103rin\u021bi \u0219i la rudele apropiate este deci legitim\u0103 pentru cresc\u0103tor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Practic: hr\u0103ni\u021bi \u00een por\u021bii mai mici, de dou\u0103 ori pe zi, nu l\u0103sa\u021bi c\u00e2inele s\u0103 \u00eenghit\u0103 hrana \u00een grab\u0103, pune\u021bi castronul pe podea, iar dup\u0103 mas\u0103 l\u0103sa\u021bi-i lini\u0219te circa dou\u0103 ore. Semnele la care se pleac\u0103 imediat la clinic\u0103, nu \u00abp\u00e2n\u0103 diminea\u021b\u0103\u00bb: abdomen destins \u0219i \u00eencordat, \u00eencerc\u0103ri de vom\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 rezultat, saliva\u021bie, nelini\u0219te, \u00eenr\u0103ut\u0103\u021bire rapid\u0103 a st\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Articula\u021biile: displazia de \u0219old \u0219i de cot<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Displazia de \u0219old \u0219i de cot este problema tipic\u0103 a c\u00e2inilor grei cu cre\u0219tere rapid\u0103, iar Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova intr\u0103 prin constitu\u021bie \u00een grupa cea mai expus\u0103. Decisive sunt dou\u0103 p\u00e2rghii aflate la st\u0103p\u00e2n: alegerea p\u0103rin\u021bilor \u0219i ritmul de cre\u0219tere. Despre ritm s-a vorbit mai sus \u2014 cifrele lui Kealy arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de puternic e efectul unei simple reduceri a ra\u021biei cu un sfert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despre alegerea p\u0103rin\u021bilor merit\u0103 vorbit exact. Standardul \u00een vigoare (red. 23.04.2008) enumer\u0103 defecte, defecte grave \u0219i defecte eliminatorii \u2014 toate privesc exteriorul, mu\u0219c\u0103tura, culoarea \u0219i comportamentul. Cerin\u021be de examinare radiologic\u0103 a articula\u021biilor documentul nu con\u021bine: admiterea la reproduc\u021bie \u00een sistemul RKF, la care trimite comentariul clubului, se stabile\u0219te prin calificativul de expozi\u021bie \u2014 un c\u00e2ine cu defect grav nu prime\u0219te mai mult de \u00abbine\u00bb \u0219i nu este admis. Garan\u021bia sistemului este deci una de tip \u0219i de exterior, nu de radiografii articulare. Dac\u0103 pentru dumneavoastr\u0103 conteaz\u0103 ortopedia, radiografiile p\u0103rin\u021bilor cu interpretare oficial\u0103 trebuie cerute cresc\u0103torului separat, ca o condi\u021bie distinct\u0103 a \u00een\u021belegerii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mo\u0219tenirea unei popula\u021bii \u00eenchise<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rasa a fost construit\u0103 pe un num\u0103r mic de \u00eentemeietori \u0219i pe consangvinizare str\u00e2ns\u0103 asumat\u0103 \u2014 nu e o presupunere, ci descrierea direct\u0103 a metodei \u00een materialele clubului. \u00cen anii 1990 efectivul s-a redus: clubul consemneaz\u0103 54 de c\u00e2ini \u00eenscri\u0219i la expozi\u021biile panruse \u00een 1993, 60 \u00een 1994 \u0219i 48 \u00een 1995, iar apoi participarea \u0219i num\u0103rul total au \u00eenceput s\u0103 scad\u0103. Rasa nu poate fi numit\u0103 comercial\u0103: asta a ferit-o de o reproduc\u021bie iresponsabil\u0103 de mas\u0103, dar a l\u0103sat-o \u00eengust\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce decurge de aici arat\u0103 o lucrare pe materialul c\u0103r\u021bii de origini franceze (Leroy et al., \u00abThe Veterinary Journal\u00bb, 2015): coeficien\u021bii de regresie indic\u0103 un efect negativ al consangviniz\u0103rii at\u00e2t asupra supravie\u021buirii, c\u00e2t \u0219i asupra m\u0103rimii f\u0103t\u0103rii, iar autorii concluzioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eemperecherile gre\u0219ite \u00eentre rude apropiate reduc adaptarea biologic\u0103, prin scurtarea f\u0103t\u0103rii \u0219i a duratei de via\u021b\u0103. Pentru cump\u0103r\u0103tor, asta devine o \u00eentrebare concret\u0103 c\u0103tre cresc\u0103tor: care este coeficientul de consangvinizare al acestei f\u0103t\u0103ri \u0219i prin ce str\u0103mo\u0219i este acumulat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Despre durata de via\u021b\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aici nu d\u0103m \u00een mod deliberat o cifr\u0103 proprie rasei pe care am fi gata s\u0103 o semn\u0103m: tabele mari de mortalitate pentru Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova nu au fost publicate. Reperul care are sens: \u00een tabelele britanice de via\u021b\u0103 \u00eentocmite pe datele a 30 563 de c\u00e2ini (Teng et al., \u00abScientific Reports\u00bb, 2022), speran\u021ba de via\u021b\u0103 la na\u0219tere, pentru c\u00e2ine \u00een general, era de 11,23 ani, cu o dispersie uria\u0219\u0103 \u00eentre rase. Regularitatea general\u0103 \u2014 c\u00e2inii mari \u0219i grei tr\u0103iesc mai pu\u021bin \u2014 se confirm\u0103 \u0219i pe materialul genetic a 149 de rase (Ko et al., \u00abMolecules and Cells\u00bb, 2025), unde masa corporal\u0103 apare ca factor candidat al longevit\u0103\u021bii. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 propune\u021bi s\u0103 aduce\u021bi \u00een cas\u0103 un uria\u0219, socoti\u021bi pe un drum comun mai scurt dec\u00e2t cu un c\u00e2ine de talie medie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Displazia de \u0219old \u0219i de cot.<\/strong> Cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 problem\u0103 a gigan\u021bilor. Cump\u0103ra\u021bi pui de la p\u0103rin\u021bi verifica\u021bi \u0219i controla\u021bi ritmul de cre\u0219tere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Torsiunea gastric\u0103.<\/strong> Stare mortal periculoas\u0103. Por\u021bii mai mici, castronul pe podea, lini\u0219te dup\u0103 mas\u0103, plecare imediat\u0103 la clinic\u0103 la primele semne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Entropion \u0219i ectropion.<\/strong> Mo\u0219tenire a construc\u021biei botului de tip Saint Bernard, documentat\u0103 la \u00eentemeietorii rasei \u0219i sanc\u021bionat\u0103 de fiecare redactare a standardului.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Osteocondroza (OCD) la pui.<\/strong> Consecin\u021b\u0103 a cre\u0219terii rapide \u0219i a calciului dezechilibrat \u00een ra\u021bia unui c\u00e2ine uria\u0219 \u00een cre\u0219tere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Alergii.<\/strong> Se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc adesea alergii alimentare, de aceea produsele noi se introduc cu grij\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Obezitate.<\/strong> Rasa este predispus\u0103 la luarea \u00een greutate, iar la un uria\u0219 kilogramele \u00een plus lovesc \u00een primul r\u00e2nd articula\u021biile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Curiozit\u0103\u021bi despre ras\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/88-257b4dab8743c9db37c89eae10547d71.jpg\" alt=\"Ciob\u0103nesc de Moscova \u2014 curiozit\u0103\u021bi despre ras\u0103\" class=\"wp-image-142799\" style=\"width:276px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/88-257b4dab8743c9db37c89eae10547d71.jpg 220w, https:\/\/cdn.tvaryny.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/88-257b4dab8743c9db37c89eae10547d71-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00abSteaua Ro\u0219ie\u00bb nu crea o singur\u0103 ras\u0103, ci patru deodat\u0103: Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova, terrierul negru rusesc, Newfoundlandul de Moscova \u0219i Dogul de Moscova. Dou\u0103 nu au ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre \u2014 Newfoundlandul de Moscova s-a dizolvat \u00een efectivul de Newfoundland, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 treac\u0103 vreodat\u0103 certificarea ca grup\u0103 de ras\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cen primele dou\u0103 genera\u021bii existau \u00een efectiv culori caucaziene: gri, gri-zonar \u0219i fulv\u0103. La reproduc\u021bie se foloseau femele de toate culorile, dar numai masculi ro\u0219cat-b\u0103l\u021ba\u021bi. Astfel s-a fixat, \u00een c\u00e2teva genera\u021bii, culoarea de ras\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00censemnele albe obligatorii (pieptul, membrele anterioare p\u00e2n\u0103 la cot, cele posterioare p\u00e2n\u0103 la gamb\u0103, v\u00e2rful cozii) au ap\u0103rut \u00een standardul din 1985 ca \u00abpreferabile\u00bb \u0219i abia din 1997 au devenit \u00abobligatorii\u00bb. Comentariul clubului o spune direct: fixarea acestui caracter a cerut 12 ani de selec\u021bie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rasa nu este nici ast\u0103zi recunoscut\u0103 de Federa\u021bia Chinologic\u0103 Interna\u021bional\u0103 (FCI) ca ras\u0103 distinct\u0103 la nivel mondial. Standardul englez preg\u0103tit pentru depunerea la FCI are \u0219i acum \u00een antet un num\u0103r gol \u2014 \u00abFCI-Standard Nr.: 000\u00bb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cen c\u0103utarea unei imagini proprii, rasei tinere i s-au cupat un timp urechile \u0219i cozile \u2014 s-a renun\u021bat la practic\u0103, iar standardul actual cere urechi blegi naturale \u0219i coad\u0103 lung\u0103, \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00een p\u0103r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00centreb\u0103ri practice ale st\u0103p\u00e2nului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Este Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova sigur pentru copii?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standardul descrie rasa ca devotat\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nului \u0219i \u00eentregii familii, f\u0103r\u0103 agresivitate nemotivat\u0103, iar frica \u0219i excitabilitatea excesiv\u0103 descalific\u0103 \u2014 un psihic instabil este eliminat din reproduc\u021bie. \u021aine\u021bi totu\u0219i cont de gabarit: nu l\u0103sa\u021bi copiii foarte mici singuri cu c\u00e2inele, pentru c\u0103 poate \u00eempinge accidental copilul cu corpul sau cu coada. Siguran\u021ba se asigur\u0103 prin educa\u021bie \u0219i supraveghere, nu printr-o presupus\u0103 voca\u021bie de d\u0103dac\u0103 a rasei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Poate fi \u021binut acest c\u00e2ine \u00een lan\u021b?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Categoric nu. Statul permanent \u00een lan\u021b distruge psihicul acestui animal inteligent: c\u00e2inele devine \u00eenr\u0103it sau depresiv. Se admite legarea temporar\u0103 (c\u00e2nd vin oaspe\u021bi sau c\u00e2nd poarta e deschis\u0103 pentru ie\u0219irea ma\u0219inii), dar \u00een cea mai mare parte a timpului trebuie s\u0103 se mi\u0219te liber prin \u021barc sau prin curte. Argumentul nu e doar etic: comportamentul instabil este defect eliminatoriu al rasei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u00e2t m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 un c\u00e2ine adult?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mult \u2014 vorbim despre un c\u00e2ine de la 55 kg la masculi. Mai important dec\u00e2t volumul este regimul: norma zilnic\u0103 se \u00eemparte \u00een cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 mese, castronul se a\u0219az\u0103 pe podea, nu pe suport, iar dup\u0103 mas\u0103 c\u00e2inele este l\u0103sat \u00een lini\u0219te. Iarna, la un c\u00e2ine \u021binut afar\u0103, nevoia de energie cre\u0219te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Este greu de \u00eengrijit ochii?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ochii sunt punctul slab al rasei, iar asta e \u00eenscris \u00een originea ei: pleoape umede, l\u0103sate au fost descrise \u00eenc\u0103 la \u00eentemeietorii grupei de ras\u0103, \u00een 1955\u20131956, \u0219i fiecare redactare a standardului, din 1958 p\u00e2n\u0103 azi, pedepse\u0219te \u00abpleoapele l\u0103sate\u00bb ca defect grav. Examinarea regulat\u0103 e obligatorie, dar re\u021bine\u021bi limita: igiena ajut\u0103 la o murd\u0103rire obi\u0219nuit\u0103, \u00een timp ce l\u0103crimarea persistent\u0103, mijirea ochilor \u0219i \u00eenro\u0219irea cer consulta\u021bia unui medic veterinar oftalmolog, pentru c\u0103 entropionul se trateaz\u0103 chirurgical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ce trebuie \u00eentrebat cresc\u0103torul \u00eenainte de cump\u0103rare?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patru lucruri. Primul \u2014 pleoapele p\u0103rin\u021bilor: au fost \u00abl\u0103sate\u00bb, au fost operate? Al doilea \u2014 dac\u0103 la p\u0103rin\u021bi sau la rudele apropiate au existat episoade de torsiune gastric\u0103 (o rud\u0103 de gradul \u00eent\u00e2i cu asemenea istoric cre\u0219te semnificativ riscul). Al treilea \u2014 dac\u0103 exist\u0103 radiografii ale articula\u021biilor cu interpretare oficial\u0103: sistemul de admitere al RKF nu le cere, deci sunt obiectul unei \u00een\u021belegeri separate. Al patrulea \u2014 coeficientul de consangvinizare al f\u0103t\u0103rii \u0219i str\u0103mo\u0219ii prin care este acumulat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Video despre ras\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Moscow Watchdog Breed Profile History - Price - Traits - Moscow Watchdog Grooming Needs - Lifespan\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2NLkmXZouEQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ciob\u0103nescul de Moscova (Moscow Watchdog) nu este doar o ras\u0103, ci o combina\u021bie de putere, inteligen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i devotament nem\u0103rginit fa\u021b\u0103 de st\u0103p\u00e2n. Dac\u0103 e\u0219ti \u00een\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":142719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4521],"tags":[7114,7179,7242,7153],"moimportance":[],"class_list":["post-142850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-dogs-breeds-ro","tag-caini-cu-par-lung","tag-caini-de-paza","tag-caini-de-serviciu","tag-caini-mari"],"views":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142850"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142850\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142853,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142850\/revisions\/142853"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/142719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=142850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142850"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tvaryny.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=142850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}