Patterdale Terrier

The question of what the Patterdale standard says has no single answer, because no single standard exists. The breed is absent from the nomenclature of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). It is absent from the breed list of the American Kennel Club (AKC) as well — even though that same list contains the Lakeland Terrier, the Border Terrier and the Parson Russell Terrier, which are the Patterdale’s closest neighbours. It is missing in the same way from both the list of standards and the breed list of the British Kennel Club, where the Lakeland, the Bedlington, the Border and the Parson all hold their places.

Absence from a list that includes the neighbours of the same group is a meaningful fact, not a gap in our search. It means exactly what it means: in those registries the Patterdale has no standard, no number and no show class.

Two organisations, on the other hand, have indeed described the breed, and they are the ones worth citing.

• The United Kennel Club (UKC, USA) recognised the Patterdale Terrier on 1 January 1995 and placed it in the terrier group. The current revision of the official UKC standard is dated 1 December 2014. It is a full show standard — with a list of faults, serious faults and disqualifications.
• The Patterdale Terrier Club of America (PTCA) is the breed club, and it publishes a written standard of its own with requirements of its own.

Two documents are not “the right one and the wrong one”. They are two different criteria for inclusion, and each of them applies at its own events. The differences between them are entirely specific:

The practical conclusion for a buyer is simple: the question “does this dog conform to the standard” is empty without saying which one. The very same grizzle or bronze dog passes under the UKC standard and is not registered under the PTCA colour list.

The name comes from the village of Patterdale in the county of Cumbria. The Lake District means steep slopes, stony scree, fog and constant rain, and the local farmers needed not a handsome dog but one that would go into a rock pile after a fox and come out of it alive. The main criterion of selection was gameness — the willingness to work against the quarry and not to give ground; the word is still used untranslated.

After that it becomes more complicated. The history of working types is almost always oral, and the Patterdale is a textbook case: what is retold most often is the worst supported by documents.

The first trap is the name itself. At the beginning of the twentieth century “Patterdale Terrier” did not mean the dog that is called that today. The clearest proof is Richard Clapham’s book “Foxes, Foxhounds and Fox-hunting” (1922): the caption under a photograph there reads “A Lakeland Working Terrier. One of the ‘Patterdale’ Breed” — that is, the same dog carries both names at once, and in the picture the dog is light-coloured and shaggy, not at all like today’s black smooth-coated Patterdale.

The matter was settled in 1921, when the Lakeland Terrier Association was founded and fixed the name “Lakeland” precisely in order to cover with it all the local names that had been in parallel use until then — Patterdale, Ennerdale, Fell, Cumberland and Westmorland terriers. So the modern Lakeland Terrier absorbed the name “Patterdale” as well; and the name thus freed later attached itself to the working type that remained outside the registries. That is why old books and articles containing the word “Patterdale” have to be read with care: they are not necessarily about today’s black dog.

The earliest detailed description we are able to quote is a letter from Lord Decies under the heading “The Patterdale Terriers”, printed in the magazine The Field on 18 April 1903; the PTCA reproduces its text on its website. The author writes that he kept a notebook on his terriers for twenty years, and describes the type a fell terrier needs: very active, rather leggy, “narrow in the chest, weighing about 15 or 16 pounds”, with a weather-resistant coat. The same letter names Red Tinker — “the ancestor of many of today’s Patterdale Terriers” — and Blondin, described as a “dwarf pedigree Bedlington”, which was widely used at stud “to improve the mountain terriers”. So the part played by the Bedlington in the forming of the type is not a guess but something a participant in the events states outright.

The second trap is Joe Bowman. The name of this huntsman of the Ullswater Foxhounds is mentioned in most popular descriptions as the “creator” of the Patterdale — it was he, so the story goes, who crossed the blue-black Border Terrier with the black and tan fell terrier. The trouble is that the modern sources describe different dogs from the ones the sources of his own time describe. That same Clapham writes in 1922 about the terriers of the “Patterdale breed” at Bowman’s that they have “a good deal of Bedlington blood” and weigh from 14 to 16 pounds, while the dogs he names individually are red, brown wire-haired, blue. There is no black smooth-coated dog among them. So Bowman did indeed keep terriers that were called Patterdales — but they were dogs of the type that later became the Lakeland.

The 1903 letter reads the same way: its author lists terriers that he lent to Bowman over sixteen years. What matters is that two decades later Clapham independently mentions the same dogs — Sweep, which belonged to Lord Decies, and Corby, and Blondin — and this confirms that the letter is not a late invention. In this picture Bowman is an outstanding user and populariser of working terriers, not the man who created the modern type.

The most interesting part here is how exactly the legend gained weight in the retelling, because that can be followed step by step. Several present-day pages repeat one and the same sentence, which carries no reference to a source; and with every retelling the details shift. The age at which Bowman is supposed to have taken up the post moves about. The post itself moves about too: popular accounts make him the Master of the Ullswater Foxhounds, whereas a source from his own time calls quite another man the Master and Bowman the huntsman, the man who handles the pack. And the one page among them that carries footnotes lists by name everyone who held the post of Master — and Bowman is not in that list.

That is the practical lesson of this section, and it is worth carrying over to any other breed: the sheer number of sites repeating a story adds no weight to it if all of them are retelling one sourceless sentence. The sign to watch for is details that drift: when the age, the post or the colour change from one version to the next, nobody involved ever had the document in their hands.

When the modern black Patterdale appeared. Here the sources agree on the names and disagree on the dates. Modern accounts unanimously name Cyril Breay and Frank Buck, who worked with the type purposefully in the 1950s, and Brian Nuttall, whose lines from the end of the 1950s and the 1960s stand behind many of today’s dogs. But these are modern accounts and not documents of that era. That is why the range of dates that various authors give for the beginning of the modern breed is stretched over half a century — from the 1910s to the 1960s — and none of these dates should be presented as established.

Why there are so few primary documents — and this is an explanation, not an excuse. The gap here has at least three concrete causes, and each of them is checkable. First, nobody registered the working terriers of the Lake District, because no registry existed for them: the first registry of the breed — the PTCA club — was founded as late as 1993, and in America at that. Second, records were kept and preserved privately: Lord Decies writes outright that for twenty years he kept a book on his terriers — so the point is not that nobody wrote anything down, but that those records never entered public circulation. Third, the nineteenth-century author Rawdon Lee, describing the terriers of Cumberland and Westmorland, noted outright that they were not bred consistently and that the type was not fixed — so in those decades there really was nothing to record as a “breed”. An absence of documents that has been explained is a checkable statement, and it is far more useful than a vague “the sources disagree”.

The fate of the next version is telling as well — the claim that the name was put into wide circulation by Brian Nuttall. Asked directly, he replied that rough, smooth and broken-coated terriers in his part of the country “were always called Patterdales or fells, depending on who you are talking to”. So this version, too, fails to survive a check with the participant himself.

The UKC’s own historical note puts the origin more cautiously and more broadly: the breed “descends mainly from the black smooth-coated fell terrier bred in the harsh conditions of northern England”, kept against predators dangerous to sheep. It is worth remembering that the historical section of a standard is the registry’s position rather than an independently established fact; but it is precisely this more cautious version that agrees with the documents best.

This is the most important section for a future owner, and the UKC standard puts its view here unusually frankly for a document of the genre: Patterdales are “very willing workers with a strong desire to please”, but this is not a dog for the ordinary pet owner, and the owner needs a sense of humour and an understanding of true terrier character. It is a rare case of a registry warning a buyer directly.

At home the Patterdale is mostly gentle and affectionate, sometimes to the point of clinginess. But his switch into working mode is instantaneous, and in intensity and refusal to compromise he is noticeably harder than the Border Terrier, which is often regarded as the softer alternative.

In manner of work and level of arousal Patterdales are closest to the German Hunting Terrier (Jagdterrier). Both are inclined to overestimate their own strength and to attack an opponent considerably larger than themselves. The practical consequence in town is a single and very concrete one: a walk off the lead where there are cats, squirrels or a roadway is an unjustified risk, because the chase switches on faster than obedience takes hold.

Towards people Patterdales are usually loyal; the UKC standard requires the dog to be calm with people, livestock and other dogs, and viciousness or excessive shyness are on the list of disqualifications. In practice, however, males often clash with one another, so it is wiser to take a second dog of the opposite sex into the house. Small animals — hamsters, rats, rabbits — do not live alongside a Patterdale: the hunting instinct here is too strong to rely on socialisation.

Unlike the ODIS, which was bred first of all as a companion with a moderate temperament, the Patterdale needs consistent rules and a serious workload. This is not a dog with which soft vagueness in upbringing works.

In grooming the Patterdale is undemanding — the UKC standard notes outright that very little care is needed to keep the coat in order. The difficulty of keeping one lies in an entirely different plane.

• Smooth-coated. It is enough to go over the dog once a week with a damp cloth or a rubber mitt to gather up the dead hair.
• Rough-coated and broken. These need stripping (plucking) several times a year. It is not merely a matter of looks: old coat does not fall out by itself and can cause itching.

The real burden on the owner is providing the dog with an outlet for his energy. A quarter of an hour around the house gives a Patterdale nothing. He needs to run, to search, to dig and to solve problems, and without that he will find work for himself: excavations, ruined furniture and stripped wallpaper are the typical result of boredom rather than of a bad character. Any activity with a searching or a speed component suits — nose work, agility, flyball; the UKC, incidentally, runs coursing and nose work competitions that are open to the breed. The stamina of these dogs really is noticeable: they are able to accompany a bicycle for kilometres.

The tendency to escape has to be taken into account separately. Patterdales climb well and dig superbly, so the fence has to be high and protected against digging underneath — otherwise the hunting instinct will sooner or later take the dog beyond the perimeter.

• Recognised, but not everywhere. The UKC recognised the breed on 1 January 1995, while the AKC and the British Kennel Club still do not have it on their lists today.
• The name once belonged to another breed. In 1921 the name “Lakeland” was introduced precisely in order to cover with it several local names, among which “Patterdale” was one; in a book of 1922 the same dog in a photograph is captioned with both names at once.
• The dog is judged by touch. Feeling the rib cage with both hands is not an owners’ custom but a judging procedure written into the UKC standard.
• Scars are not a fault. The UKC standard calls the marks of working injuries honourable and forbids penalising them; teeth broken at work are not punished either.
• A Bedlington in the pedigree. In the 1903 letter a stud dog by the name of Blondin, a “dwarf pedigree Bedlington”, is named as a dog that was widely used to improve the mountain terriers.

Is a Patterdale suitable for a flat? Size is not what stands in the way; the owner’s way of life is. The dog needs several hours of activity a day, including work for the head. If that resource is missing, the breed will not suit whatever the floor area.

Do they shed much? Moderately. Smooth-coated dogs shed seasonally; rough-coated and broken ones are stripped regularly, and then almost no hair is left in the house.

How are they with children? Usually fine, if the children respect the dog’s boundaries. Patterdales are glad to play and to run, but they will not put up with rough handling or pain, so for families with very small children the breed is not the best choice.