Ukrainian Shepherd

The history of the Ukrainian Shepherd is inextricably linked with the development of sheep farming in the steppe territories of southern Ukraine (then the Taurida Governorate of the Russian Empire). It is believed that the breed’s formation began in the late 18th to early 19th century. The foundation for these dogs came from local shepherd dogs, as well as sheepdogs brought in with Merino sheep from Spain and other European countries. There is a theory that one of the ancestors of the Ukrainian Shepherd may have been the Asturian Shepherd.

A significant role in the breed’s development was played by Baron Friedrich Falz-Fein, the founder of the famous Askania-Nova nature reserve. It was on his estate that targeted selective breeding work was carried out. Through rigorous artificial selection based on working qualities – the ability to independently guard large flocks of sheep from wolves and other predators, as well as from thieves – a unique breed was created. The dogs had to be not only strong and brave but also hardy, able to withstand the harsh climatic conditions of the steppe, and possess a thick coat to protect them from bad weather and bites.

For a long time, these dogs successfully performed their herding and guarding functions. In 1931, the first official breed standard was approved. During the Second World War, the breed was on the brink of extinction as many dogs perished and breeding work ceased. Thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts and state kennels, the breed was saved and its numbers were restored. In the post-war years, Ukrainian Shepherds were primarily used for guard duty.

The Ukrainian Shepherd is a large dog of above-average height, with a strong but not coarse build, well-developed musculature, and a robust skeleton. Sexual dimorphism is well-pronounced: dogs are larger, more massive, and more masculine than bitches.

• Head: Elongated, with a moderately broad forehead; the occipital protuberance and cheekbones are well-developed. The stop (transition from forehead to muzzle) is gentle and barely noticeable. The muzzle is well-filled, somewhat pointed, and its length is approximately equal to the length of the skull. The lips are dry, tight-fitting, and pigmented black.
• Teeth: Large, white, and fitting closely together. The bite is a scissor bite.
• Nose: The nose leather is large and black.
• Eyes: Oval-shaped, set horizontally, and dark. The eyelids are dry, tight-fitting, and black. The expression is intelligent, confident, and somewhat stern.
• Ears: Small, triangular, hanging, and set close to the head. They are set relatively low.
• Neck: Lean, muscular, of medium length, set at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the backline.
• Body: The withers are well-defined, especially in males. The back is straight, strong, and broad. The loin is short, broad, and slightly convex. The croup is broad, muscular, and almost horizontal. The chest is moderately broad, deep, reaching the elbows or slightly below. The belly is moderately tucked up.
• Tail: Long, hanging down to the hock or lower when calm, sabre-shaped. When excited, it rises to the level of the back or slightly higher. It is covered in thick fur.
• Limbs: The forelegs are straight and parallel. The shoulder blades are long and sloping. The shoulders are muscular. The elbows point straight back. The forearms are straight. The pasterns are short, strong, and slightly angled. The hind legs are straight and parallel when viewed from behind, with well-defined angles from the side. The thighs are long, broad, and muscular. The lower legs are long and sloping. The hocks are dry and well-defined. The metatarsals are strong and vertical. The paws are oval and arched, with tightly clenched toes. The claws are dark.
• Coat: The most characteristic feature of the breed. It is long (10-15 cm or more over the entire body, forming a fringe over the eyes, a moustache, and a beard on the head), coarse, thick, slightly wavy or straight, with a well-developed undercoat. The undercoat is soft and dense. The coat is of uniform length on the head, chest, legs, and tail. It provides excellent protection from any weather. Even a breed like the Komondor, with its unique cords, has a different type of coat.
• Colour: Predominantly white, but other colours are also found: white with a yellowish tint (fawn), white with grey (smoky) patches, or fawn-piebald and grey-piebald. Less common are pure grey and various shades of fawn. The nose, eyelids, and lips are always black.

The Ukrainian Shepherd is a dog with a strong, balanced, and lively type of higher nervous activity. It is characterised by an active defensive reaction, a pronounced distrust of strangers, sometimes bordering on aggression. This is one of those breeds where working qualities and guarding instincts are dominant. When discussing this breed’s character, its explosive temprament and lightning-fast reactions must be considered first and foremost. Despite its long coat, which can give an impression of clumsiness, the Ukrainian Shepherd is extremely agile, quick in both decision-making and action. It is considered one of the fastest among the large guard breeds.

An adult Ukrainian Shepherd is a strong, brave, and self-confident animal. It is devoted to its owner and family members, whom it considers its “pack” and the object of its protection. It is patient and lenient with children in the family if it grows up with them. However, due to its size and strength, games with young children must always be supervised by adults. It’s important to understand that the Ukrainian Shepherd chooses one main owner to whom it submits unconditionally; it may treat other family members with respect, but not always with the same obedience. This trait makes it a less-than-ideal choice for very large families without a clear hierarchy, or for inexperienced owners.

The intelligence and shrewdness of the Ukrainian Shepherd are of a high standard. It is capable of independently assessing situations and making decisions, which is a necessary quality for a guard dog. However, this same trait can manifest as stubbornness if the dog sees no point in a command or if the owner is not an authority figure to it. With proper upbringing, where courage doesn’t escalate into uncontrolled aggression and self-confidence doesn’t turn into stubbornness, the owner gets not only a stunningly beautiful companion but also an extremely intelligent one with interesting behaviour. The breed requires a serious approach to training and upbringing from an early age.

The Ukrainian Shepherd is generally considered a breed with fairly robust health, a result of its aboriginal origins and the conditions in which it was formed. However, like any breed, it has a predisposition to certain diseases. It’s important to be aware of these potential issues to ensure your dog has a long and healthy life.

1. Musculoskeletal Disorders: Like many large breeds, Ukrainian Shepherds can be prone to hip and elbow dysplasia. Prevention lies in raising the puppy correctly (a balanced diet, moderate exercise, preventing excess weight), and choosing a puppy from parents who have been tested for dysplasia. Arthritis and arthrosis can develop in older age.
2. Eye Conditions: Due to the thick fringe covering the eyes, irritation and conjunctivitis can occur if the hair is not trimmed or tied back properly. Regular inspection and wiping of the eyes with special lotions are important. Occasionally, entropion or ectropion (inward or outward turning of the eyelid) can occur.
3. Ear Infections (Otitis): The ears of the Ukrainian Shepherd lie flat against the head and are covered with long hair, which hinders air circulation in the ear canal. This creates a favourable environment for bacterial and fungal infections. Regular cleaning, removing excess hair from the ear canal, and drying the ears after bathing will help prevent otitis. If the dog has an unpleasant smell, one of the causes could be an ear infection.
4. Skin Problems: The thick coat and undercoat can contribute to dermatitis, especially if the dog frequently gets wet and doesn’t dry properly, or if allergies are present. It’s crucial to brush the dog thoroughly and prevent matting, under which the skin can become irritated.
5. Digestive Issues: Like some other large breeds, Ukrainian Shepherds can be prone to gastric torsion (bloat). To prevent this, it is recommended to feed the dog smaller portions 2-3 times a day and avoid vigorous exercise immediately after meals.

Preventative Measures:

• Regular veterinary check-ups (at least once a year).
• Timely vaccinations and parasite treatments (fleas, ticks, worms).
• A balanced diet with high-quality food.
• Sufficient physical exercise.
• Proper grooming of the coat, eyes, and ears.

The magnificent long coat of the Ukrainian Shepherd is its hallmark, but it also requires regular and thorough care. Without proper grooming, the coat quickly becomes matted, which not only spoils the dog’s appearance but can also lead to skin problems. Unlike, for example, the Shetland Sheepdog (Sheltie), whose coat, though long, has a different texture, the Ukrainian Shepherd’s coat is coarser and more prone to forming dense mats.

Key Aspects of Coat Care:

• Brushing: This is the most important procedure. A puppy must be accustomed to brushing from an early age. An adult dog should be brushed at least 2-3 times a week, and daily during seasonal shedding (spring and autumn). Use special combs with long, sparse teeth, slicker brushes, and de-matting tools. Pay special attention to areas where the coat mats most often: behind the ears, on the neck, under the armpits, on the inner thighs, on the “trousers,” and the tail.
• Fringe (Topknot): The long fringe that covers the eyes is a characteristic feature of the breed. It can be carefully thinned with thinning scissors to help the dog see better, or gathered into a topknot with special bands (especially for show dogs). A complete trim of the fringe is not recommended, as it protects the eyes from dust and sun.
• Shedding: In March-April, there is an intense shedding of the undercoat (“fluff”). During this period, the dog must be brushed particularly thoroughly to remove all the dead undercoat. If this is not done, the coat can become a solid felt-like mass that can only be shaved off.
• Bathing: It is not recommended to bathe a Ukrainian Shepherd frequently, only when it is very dirty. Frequent washing can strip the natural oils from the skin and coat, making it more vulnerable. Use shampoos specifically designed for long-haired dogs. After bathing, the coat must be thoroughly dried with a towel and a hairdryer (on a warm, not hot, setting), while brushing simultaneously to prevent matting.
• Clipping: Generally, the coat of a Ukrainian Shepherd is not fully clipped. This is only done for medical reasons or if it is heavily matted. After a full clip, the coat grows back slowly, sometimes taking up to two years, and may change its texture. A hygienic trim (around the anus, between the paw pads) is acceptable.

Ukrainian Shepherds can be kept in a private house with a large garden or, theoretically, in a spacious flat, although the latter is less desirable due to their size, activity level, and exercise needs. Thanks to their thick coat, they tolerate cold well and can be excellent guardians of a property, even living outside in a kennel with an insulated doghouse in winter. These dogs are undemanding about their living conditions and adapt easily to different climates. However, they require serious physical exercise and long, energetic walks, which demands an active lifestyle and free time from the owner. Compared to the less space-demanding Dutch Smoushond, the Ukrainian Shepherd needs significantly more space and activity.

Training and early socialisation are critically important for the Ukrainian Shepherd. This is a breed with a strong character, independent thinking, and innate guarding instincts. Without proper upbringing and a clearly established hierarchy, a Ukrainian Shepherd can become unmanageable and even dangerous.

Key Points:

• Early Start: A puppy’s upbringing and socialisation should begin from its first days in the home. Introduce it to different people, sounds, places, and other animals (under supervision).
• Owner’s Leadership: The owner must immediately establish themselves as the undisputed leader (“pack leader”). This is achieved through consistency, fairness, firmness (but not harshness!), and confidence. A Ukrainian Shepherd will not obey an insecure or overly soft person.
• Positive Reinforcement: Although the breed can be stubborn, it responds best to training methods based on positive reinforcement (praise, treats, play). Harshness and physical punishment can provoke aggression or cause the dog to become withdrawn.
• Professional Help: For inexperienced owners or if difficulties arise, it is highly recommended to seek the help of a professional dog trainer who has experience with working and guard breeds.
• Aggression Control: The Ukrainian Shepherd is prone to an active-defensive reaction. Unprovoked aggression towards people or other animals must never be encouraged, especially at a young age (up to 1.5-2 years, before the psyche is fully formed). Any signs of unjustified aggression should be gently but firmly corrected.
• Obedience Classes: Completing a general obedience course or similar programme is esential. This will help to build a bond with the dog and teach it basic commands.

The Ukrainian Shepherd is highly trainable if the right approach is taken. It can be taught not only guarding and sentry duty but also other disciplines. During the war years, dogs of this breed were even successfully used as messengers. It’s important to remember the statistic that sometimes places the Ukrainian Shepherd among the top breeds for bite incidents. This is not an indicator of the breed’s unmanageability, but rather a reflection of the incompetence or irresponsibility of some owners. With proper upbringing, your Ukrainian giant will impress with its intelligence, delight with its loyalty and sincere love, becoming a true gem and the pride of the family. Its graceful beauty and power will leave no one indifferent.

Proper nutrition is the cornerstone of the health, longevity, and energy of a Ukrainian Shepherd. It’s important to remember that this is a dog of aboriginal origin, and its digestive system is historically adapted to digesting natural food, but not large volumes of food in one sitting. Their nutrient absorption rate is higher than that of many other breeds, so it’s not the quantity but the quality and completeness of the diet that matters.

Types of Feeding:

• Natural Diet (Raw or Home-Cooked): The basis of the diet should be meat (beef, turkey, chicken – without tubular bones, offal) – about 50-70% of the total volume. The diet should also include:
  • Grains (buckwheat, rice, oats).
  • Vegetables (carrots, pumpkin, courgettes – raw or stewed).
  • Fermented dairy products (kefir, low-fat cottage cheese, natural yoghurt).
  • Sea fish (cooked, boneless, 1-2 times a week instead of meat).
  • Eggs (1-2 times a week).
  • A small amount of vegetable oil (linseed, olive) for healthy skin and coat.
• Commercial Dry Food: If you choose dry food, it should be a premium, super-premium, or holistic food designed for large, active breeds. It’s important to follow the dosage instructions on the packaging and ensure the dog has constant access to fresh water.
• Mixed Feeding: Some owners practice mixed feeding, but it’s important not to mix natural food and dry food in the same meal, as they require different digestion times.

Approximate daily needs for an adult Ukrainian Shepherd (weighing about 50 kg) with average activity:

These figures are approximate and can vary depending on the dog’s age, sex, level of physical activity, physiological state (pregnancy, lactation), and individual characteristics. Puppies, growing young dogs, and working dogs that expend a lot of energy require more nutrients.

Feeding Schedule: An adult dog is usually fed twice a day – in the morning and evening, preferably at the same time. Puppies are fed more frequently: up to 3 months – 5-6 times a day, from 3 to 6 months – 3-4 times, and from 6 months to a year – 2-3 times.

Forbidden Foods for a Ukrainian Shepherd:

• Food from the owner’s table (harmful spices, salt, sugar).
• Fatty, spicy, seasoned, salty, or fried food.
• Sweets (chocolate is toxic!), pastries, fresh white bread.
• Pork (too fatty, can cause digestive upset).
• Tubular bones from poultry, cooked bones (can injure the digestive tract).
• Smoked meats, sausages.
• Grapes and raisins (toxic to dogs).
• Onions and garlic (toxic in large quantities).

Before getting a serious dog like the Ukrainian Shepherd, a potential owner should carefully weigh all the pros and cons.

It’s also worth noting that the Ukrainian Shepherd, unlike some other large pastoral dogs such as the Old English Sheepdog (Bobtail), which is known for its more friendly disposition towards everyone, is a one-person breed with pronounced guarding instincts that require a special approach.

• “White Bear of the Steppes”: Due to its appearance – large size, thick white coat, and fearlessness – the Ukrainian Shepherd is sometimes called the “white bear of the steppes.”
• Master of Camouflage: The white colouring helped the dogs blend in with the flock of sheep, making them inconspicuous to predators and intruders.
• Independent Guardians: Historically, these dogs were capable of independently guarding large flocks of sheep over vast territories, making decisions without human intervention. This trait has been preserved to this day.
• Protective Fringe: The thick fringe falling over the eyes not only protects them from the sun, dust, and wind but, according to one theory, also conceals the dog’s line of sight, disorienting an opponent.
• Not for Everyone: Due to its size, strength, character, and training requirements, the Ukrainian Shepherd is strongly not recommended as a first dog for inexperienced owners, nor for the elderly or physically frail.
• Messengers at War: During the Second World War, Ukrainian Shepherds were used not only for guarding but also as messenger dogs, delivering messages under difficult conditions.
• Falz-Fein’s Favourite: Baron Falz-Fein highly valued this breed and put a great deal of effort into its development and popularisation at the Askania-Nova nature reserve.

Is the Ukrainian Shepherd suitable for living in a flat? Theoretically, if the flat is very spacious and the dog is provided with long (at least 2-3 hours a day), active walks with physical exercise, it is possible. However, the ideal home for a Ukrainian Shepherd is a private house with a large, well-fenced garden where it can fulfil its guarding instincts and have enough space to move.

How does the Ukrainian Shepherd get on with children? With proper training and early socialisation, if the dog has grown up with children, it can be patient and even gentle with them within its own family. However, due to its large size and strength, games with small children must always be supervised by an adult. It’s important to teach children how to behave correctly around the dog and not to bother it while it’s eating or sleeping. It may be wary of strange children.

Does the Ukrainian Shepherd shed a lot? Yes, the Ukrainian Shepherd sheds heavily, especially seasonally (spring and autumn). During this period, daily, thorough brushing is required. Without proper care, the coat quickly becomes matted.

Is the Ukrainian Shepherd easy to train? The Ukrainian Shepherd is intelligent and capable of learning but can be stubborn and independent. It requires firm, consistent, but fair training from an experienced owner who can become an authority figure for it. Harsh methods are ineffective. Early socialisation and professional training classes are recommended.

How long do Ukrainian Shepherds live? The average lifespan of a Ukrainian Shepherd is 9-11 years. With good care, proper nutrition, and sufficient physical activity, some individuals live to be 12-15 years old.

Does the Ukrainian Shepherd need a lot of physical exercise? Yes, this is a very active and energetic breed that requires significant daily physical exertion. This can include long walks, running, and playing outdoors. A lack of activity can lead to behavioural and health problems (such as obesity).

Can a Ukrainian Shepherd be left alone for long periods? Like any dog, the Ukrainian Shepherd does not tolerate prolonged solitude well. If the dog is regularly left alone for long periods, it may become bored, which can manifest as destructive behaviour or excessive barking. This breed thrives when it has close contact with its owner and family.