Yorkshire Terrier

The history of the Yorkshire Terrier is inextricably linked with the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century England. Contrary to its modern, glamorous image, the Yorkie’s ancestors were working dogs, primarily owned by weavers and miners in Northern England, particularly from the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire. Scottish workers, migrating to the north of England in search of jobs in textile mills and coal mines, brought their small terriers with them. These dogs were used for hunting rats and other small vermin in the mines, mills, and homes.

The exact origin of the Yorkie is shrouded in mystery, as early breeders did not keep detailed records. It is believed that several terrier types were used to create the breed, including:

• Clydesdale Terrier or Paisley Terrier: Now an extinct breed, very similar to the Yorkie but larger. It’s considered a direct ancestor and was prized for its long, silky, blue and tan coat.
• Waterside Terrier: Also known as the “Yorkshire Blue-Grey Terrier.” A small dog with a long, blue-grey coat, kept by workers near the rivers of Yorkshire.
• Black and Tan English Toy Terrier: Contributed the Yorkie’s characteristic colouring and compact size.
• Skye Terrier: May have influenced the coat length and ear shape.
• Maltese: Some cynologists suggest a possible influence from the Maltese on the silky texture of the coat.

One of the most famous “founding fathers” of the breed is considered to be a dog named Huddersfield Ben, born in 1865. Although he was quite large by modern standards (around 5.5 kg or 12 lbs), he possessed all the key traits of the breed and became a highly successful show dog and sire, making a huge contribution to shaping the Yorkshire Terrier as we know it today.

Initially, the breed was known as the “Broken Haired Scotch Terrier,” but in 1870, following a dog show, a reporter for “The Field” newspaper suggested the breed be named after the county where it had been perfected – the Yorkshire Terrier. The name quickly caught on. The Kennel Club officially recognised the breed in 1886.

Over time, thanks to its attractive appearance and lively character, the Yorkshire Terrier transformed from a ratter into a favourite of Victorian aristocracy and a fashionable companion. Its popularity soared, and it spread across the globe, becoming one of the most beloved toy breeds.

The Yorkshire Terrier is a toy dog with a long, straight, silky coat that hangs down evenly on both sides of the body from a parting that runs from the nose to the tip of the tail. Its appearance combines elegance with the confidence of a true terrier.

• General Appearance: A compact, well-proportioned dog with a proud posture. The back is level.
• Size and Weight: The FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) standard No. 86 specifies only a maximum weight – up to 3.2 kg (7 lbs). The American Kennel Club (AKC) suggests a desirable weight of 4 to 7 pounds (approx. 1.8-3.2 kg). The height at the withers is typically 15-23 cm (6-9 inches), though this is not regulated by the standard. So-called “mini” or “teacup” Yorkies, weighing less than 1.8 kg, are not recognised by the standard and often suffer from serious health problems.
• Head: Small and flat, not too rounded. The muzzle is not too long.
• Eyes: Medium-sized, dark, and sparkling, with an intelligent, alert expression. Not prominent. The eye rims are dark.
• Ears: Small, V-shaped, carried erect or semi-erect, and set not too far apart. They are covered with short, rich tan hair.
• Nose: Black.
• Bite: A perfect, regular and complete scissor bite (upper teeth closely overlapping lower teeth).
• Neck: Of a good length to allow for a proud head carriage.
• Body: Compact, with a level topline. The chest is moderately broad.
• Tail: Previously, it was customarily docked to a medium length and is carried slightly higher than the level of the back. In countries where docking is banned, the tail remains its natural length, is well-covered with hair, and is a darker shade of blue than the rest of the body.
• Limbs: Forelegs are straight; hindlegs are straight when viewed from behind, with moderate angulation. Paws are round with black nails.
• Coat: The breed’s most characteristic feature. On the body, the hair is of a moderate length, perfectly straight (not wavy), glossy, and of a fine, silky texture, not woolly and with no undercoat. Its structure is similar to human hair. On the head, the hair is long, of a rich golden tan, and is particularly long on the sides of the head, at the base of the ears, and on the muzzle.
• Colour: Very specific. A dark steel blue (not a silver-blue) extends from the back of the neck to the root of the tail, never mixed with fawn, bronze, or dark hairs. The hair on the chest is a rich, bright tan. All tan hair is darker at the roots than in the middle, shading to a still lighter tan at the tips. Important: Puppies are born black and tan, with the characteristic steel blue coat developing gradually, sometimes taking up to 2-3 years to fully form.

The Yorkshire Terrier is the epitome of the phrase “a big dog in a small body.” Their character is a vibrant blend of terrier traits and a companion dog’s nature.

Key traits of the Yorkie’s character:

1. Energetic and Lively: Yorkies are very active and playful dogs. They love to run, play, and explore their surroundings. Even in adulthood, they retain a puppy-like spontaneity and enthusiasm.
2. Brave and Inquisitive: As true terriers, they are not afraid to challenge dogs much larger than themselves and approach everything new with curiosity. This bravery sometimes borders on recklessness, so they need to be supervised.
3. Loyal and Affectionate: Yorkies become very attached to their owners and strive to spend as much time with them as possible. They love being the centre of attention, sitting on laps, or simply being nearby.
4. Intelligent and Quick-witted: These dogs are quite clever and learn quickly, especially if training is presented as a game with positive reinforcement. However, their terrier stubbornness can sometimes complicate the training process.
5. Alert and “Yappy”: Yorkies make excellent “watchdogs.” They react to any unusual sounds or the appearance of strangers with barking. Although their bark isn’t very loud due to their small size, it can be quite persistent. Early socialisation and teaching the “Quiet” command will help to manage this trait.
6. Sociable: Most Yorkies get along well with people, including children (provided the children are taught how to handle a small dog gently). They can also live happily with other pets, especially if they have grown up together. However, their hunting instinct may surface in relation to small rodents.
7. Needs Attention: Yorkies do not tolerate being alone for long periods and can suffer from separation anxiety, which may manifest as destructive behaviour or excessive barking.

It’s important to remember that, despite its small size, the Yorkshire Terrier is a dog with its own needs for activity, socialisation, and training. Excessive pampering and indulging their every whim can lead to “small dog syndrome,” where the dog becomes disobedient, aggressive, and demanding.

The Yorkie’s ancestors were hunters, and some of these instincts remain. This is evident not only in their bravery but also sometimes in their desire to chase small animals. Similar traits can be seen in other terriers, such as the spirited Jack Russell Terrier, although the Yorkshire Terrier is now predominantly a companion dog.

Yorkshire Terriers are generally quite healthy dogs with a lifespan of 12-16 years, and sometimes even longer. However, like all breeds, they have a predisposition to certain genetic and acquired diseases. Knowing about these potential issues can help owners to recognise them early and seek veterinary care.

The most common health problems in Yorkies include:

• Dental and Gum Problems: This is one of the most frequent issues for Yorkies. Due to their small jaws, teeth are often crowded, which promotes the build-up of plaque and tartar, leading to gingivitis and periodontal disease. Their baby teeth may also fail to fall out on time, requiring extraction. Regular teeth cleaning (ideally daily), using special dental toys and treats, and professional scaling by a vet are essential.
• Patellar Luxation (Slipping Kneecaps): A condition where the kneecap dislocates from its normal position. This is a common problem in small breeds. Symptoms include limping or hopping on three legs. Treatment depends on the severity and can range from conservative management to surgery.
• Tracheal Collapse: A weakening of the cartilage rings of the trachea (windpipe), leading to its narrowing and difficulty breathing. A characteristic symptom is a harsh, “goose-honk” cough, especially during excitement, when pulling on the lead, or when pressure is applied to the neck. Using a harness instead of a collar is recommended.
• Portosystemic Shunt (PSS): A congenital circulatory abnormality where blood from the intestines bypasses the liver, failing to be cleansed of toxins. This can lead to neurological disorders, stunted growth, and urinary problems. It is diagnosed through blood tests and ultrasound. Treatment is usually surgical.
• Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar): This is particularly dangerous for puppies and very small (teacup) Yorkies. Symptoms include weakness, trembling, disorientation, and seizures. It is vital to ensure regular feeding with high-quality food.
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, leading to its collapse and arthritis of the hip joint. It manifests as lameness. Treatment is typically surgical.
• Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): An inherited eye disease that leads to gradual vision loss and blindness. Genetic tests are available to identify carriers.
• Sensitive Digestion: Yorkies can be prone to digestive upset, vomiting, or diarrhoea when their food is changed or they eat something unsuitable. It is important to choose a high-quality food and stick to a feeding schedule.
• Injuries: Due to their small size and fragile bones, Yorkies are highly susceptible to injuries from falls (even from a low height like a sofa), careless handling, or playing with larger dogs.

Prevention:

• Buy a puppy from a responsible breeder who tests their breeding stock for hereditary diseases.
• Provide a high-quality, balanced diet.
• Maintain regular dental care.
• Use a harness instead of a collar.
• Ensure a safe environment to prevent injuries.
• Visit the vet regularly for check-ups and vaccinations.
• Do not overfeed your dog; maintain an optimal weight.

Caring for a Yorkshire Terrier requires time and attention, especially if you want to maintain its luxurious coat in show condition. However, even if you opt for a short trim, regular grooming is essential for the dog’s health and comfort.

Grooming a Yorkie’s Coat

A Yorkie’s coat is structurally similar to human hair – it is fine, silky, and has no undercoat. This means that Yorkies shed very little in the traditional sense (they lose hair just as people do), making them a good choice for some allergy sufferers. However, the lack of an undercoat also means they do not tolerate the cold well.

Key aspects of coat care:

• Brushing: If the coat is long, it needs to be brushed daily with a metal-pinned comb and a natural bristle brush to prevent tangles and mats. Start from the tips and gradually work your way to the roots. Using a special conditioning spray will make brushing easier and reduce breakage. If the dog has a short “puppy cut,” brushing can be less frequent, perhaps 2-3 times a week.
• Bathing: It is recommended to bathe a Yorkie roughly every 1-3 weeks, depending on how dirty they get and the type of coat. Use a high-quality shampoo and conditioner for dogs with long, silky coats. It’s crucial to rinse all products out thoroughly to avoid skin irritation. After the bath, gently pat the coat with a towel (don’t rub!) and blow-dry on a low heat setting while brushing.
• Clipping: If you don’t plan to show your dog, the most practical option is a regular trim (every 6-8 weeks). There are countless trim styles for Yorkies, from very short puppy cuts to more stylised looks. A trim significantly simplifies coat care. You can learn to clip your dog yourself or visit a professional groomer.
• Top-Knot Care: For Yorkies with long hair on their head, it is usually gathered into a top-knot to keep it out of their eyes. Use soft, metal-free bands and don’t tie the top-knot too tightly. Regularly check the skin underneath the band for any irritation.

Other Aspects of Grooming

• Eye Care: Daily, wipe the corners of the eyes with a damp cloth or a special lotion to remove any discharge and prevent tear stains.
• Ear Care: Regularly (once a week) check the ears for dirt, redness, or an unpleasant smell. Clean the outer ear with a cotton pad moistened with a special lotion. The hair inside the ear canal should be plucked or trimmed to ensure ventilation and prevent infections (this is best left to a groomer or vet).
• Dental Care: A crucial aspect! Brush your dog’s teeth with a special dog-friendly toothbrush and toothpaste daily, or at least a few times a week. Visit the vet regularly for a dental check-up and professional cleaning.
• Nail Trimming: Trim the nails approximately every 2-4 weeks if they don’t wear down naturally. Use nail clippers designed for small dogs.

Exercise and Housing

Despite their size, Yorkies are energetic dogs that require daily physical activity. This doesn’t mean hours of running, but regular walks and playtime are essential for their physical and mental health.

• Walks: One or two short walks a day (15-20 minutes each) are sufficient. Use a harness to avoid putting pressure on the trachea.
• Playtime: Yorkies love to play. Offer them games with a ball, interactive toys, and treat-dispensing puzzles. This will help satisfy their need for activity and stimulate their minds.
• Housing: Yorkies adapt wonderfully to living in a flat. They don’t need much space, but they do need their own cosy corner with a bed. It’s important to provide a safe environment by removing small objects the dog could swallow and restricting access to dangerous areas (balconies, unfenced stairs).
• Temperature Sensitivity: Due to their lack of an undercoat, Yorkies are sensitive to the cold. In cold weather, they will need a warm coat for walks. They also don’t tolerate extreme heat well.

Yorkshire Terriers are intelligent dogs that are eager to please their owners, which makes them quite trainable. However, their terrier nature can manifest as stubbornness and independence. Successful training depends on patience, consistency, and the use of the right methods.

Key principles of Yorkie training:

• Positive Reinforcement: Yorkies respond best to reward-based methods – praise, treats, and toys. Avoid harsh methods and punishment, as this can cause fear or defensive aggression in a small dog.
• Short and Fun Sessions: Training sessions should be short (5-10 minutes) but frequent. Keep them fun and varied to maintain the dog’s interest.
• Consistency: All family members must follow the same rules and commands. Inconsistency confuses the dog and complicates learning.
• Early Socialisation: This is a critically important aspect of raising a Yorkie. From a young age, introduce your puppy to different people, sounds, places, and other well-behaved, vaccinated dogs. This will help to raise a confident and well-balanced dog and prevent the development of fear and aggression.
• Toilet Training: Yorkies can be challenging to house-train, especially in flats. It’s important to be patient, take the puppy out frequently (especially after waking, eating, and playing), praise success, and not punish accidents. Some owners use puppy pads or indoor trays, but this can make it harder to fully transition to toileting outside.
• Barking Control: Yorkies are prone to barking. Teach the “Quiet” command from an early age and do not encourage barking for no reason.
• Getting Used to Grooming: Accustom your Yorkie from a young age to being brushed, bathed, and having its ears, teeth, and nails checked. Make these procedures pleasant by using praise and treats.

Don’t let the Yorkie’s small size become an excuse for poor behaviour. Rules and boundaries are important for any dog, regardless of size. Training and socialisation will help your Yorkie become a pleasant and well-mannered companion.

Proper nutrition is the foundation of a Yorkshire Terrier’s health and longevity. Their digestive system is quite sensitive, and their small size requires careful control over the quantity and quality of their food.

Types of Food:

• Dry Food (Kibble): The most convenient option. Choose high-quality, super-premium, or holistic foods specifically designed for small breeds. Pay attention to the ingredients: meat should be the first ingredient, not grains. The kibble size should also be adapted for small jaws. Dry food helps to clean teeth by reducing plaque.
• Wet Food (Tinned): Can be used as a supplement to dry food or as the main diet (if it’s a complete food). It is highly palatable but does not help with dental cleaning.
• Natural Diet: Requires careful balancing of all nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals) under the guidance of a veterinary nutritionist. The basis of the diet should be lean meat (beef, chicken, turkey), offal, dairy products, vegetables, and a small amount of grains (rice, buckwheat). It is strictly forbidden to give food from the table, bones (especially cooked or splintery ones), sweets, smoked meats, or fatty/fried foods.
• Mixed Feeding: A combination of dry and wet/natural food. It is important not to mix different types of food in the same meal.

Feeding Schedule:

• Puppies (up to 4 months): 4-6 small meals a day.
• Puppies (4-6 months): 3-4 meals a day.
• Puppies (6-10 months): 2-3 meals a day.
• Adult Dogs (after 10-12 months): 2 meals a day (morning and evening).

Important Points:

• Portion Sizes: Follow the recommendations of the food manufacturer or your vet. Do not overfeed your Yorkie, as they are prone to weight gain.
• Fresh Water: Your dog must always have access to clean drinking water.
• Treats: Use treats in moderation, mainly during training. Choose special treats for small breeds and account for their calories in the total daily food intake.
• Sensitive Digestion: Introduce any dietary changes gradually over 7-10 days to avoid stomach upset. If your dog shows signs of an allergic reaction or digestive issues, consult your vet to find a suitable diet.
• Forbidden Foods: Chocolate, onions, garlic, grapes, raisins, avocado, bones, alcohol, caffeine, and xylitol (a sweetener).

• A War Hero: During the Second World War, a Yorkshire Terrier named Smoky became a true hero. Found by American soldiers in the jungles of New Guinea, Smoky accompanied her owner, Corporal William Wynne, on combat flights (with her own parachute), warned of danger, and even helped to lay a communication cable through a narrow pipe, saving many soldiers’ lives. After the war, Smoky became a therapy dog, visiting wounded soldiers in hospitals.
• Colour Change: Yorkie puppies are born black and tan. Their distinctive steel blue and gold coat develops gradually, and the final colour may not be fully established until they are 2-3 years old.
• Not Just for Handbags: Although the Yorkie has become a symbol of a “glamour” dog, its ancestors were working terriers that hunted rats in mines and mills. This hunting instinct sometimes still surfaces today.
• “Human” Hair: A Yorkshire Terrier’s coat is very similar in structure to human hair. It grows continuously and has no undercoat, which is why Yorkies are considered a hypoallergenic breed (although allergies can be triggered by dander or saliva, not just hair).
• Lookalike Breeds: Its appearance often draws comparisons to its close relative, the Biewer Terrier, and the similar-looking Australian Silky Terrier, though they are distinct breeds.
• Longevity Champions: Yorkies often feature on lists of long-lived dogs. With proper care, they can delight their owners for over 15 years.
• Celebrity Favourite: Thanks to their appearance and size, Yorkies have always been popular among celebrities and high society, from the Victorian era to the present day.

Do Yorkshire Terriers shed a lot?
No, Yorkies shed very little. Their coat is like human hair and is lost gradually rather than seasonally, unlike breeds with an undercoat. This makes them a potentially better choice for people with allergies, although no dog is 100% hypoallergenic.

Are Yorkies suitable for families with small children?
Yorkies can get along well with older children who have been taught how to handle a small dog gently. However, due to their fragility and delicate bones, they are not recommended for families with very young children who might accidentally injure the dog.

Do Yorkies bark a lot?
Yes, Yorkies have a tendency to bark. They are alert and react to strange noises and strangers. Early socialisation and teaching the “Quiet” command can help to manage this trait.

How much exercise does a Yorkie need?
Despite their small size, they need daily activity. Short walks (15-20 minutes) once or twice a day and active playtime at home are usually enough to keep them in shape.

Is it easy to train a Yorkshire Terrier?
Yorkies are intelligent but can be stubborn. They respond well to positive reinforcement and short, fun training sessions. Consistency and patience are key.

Can a Yorkie be left alone for long periods?
Yorkies are very people-oriented and do not tolerate being alone well. They can suffer from separation anxiety, which can manifest as destructive behaviour or excessive barking. This breed is best suited to people who can give them plenty of attention or who work from home.

What kind of grooming does a Yorkie’s coat need?
The care required depends on the length of the coat. A long coat needs daily brushing, regular bathing, and care for the top-knot. A short trim makes grooming much easier but still requires regular brushing (a few times a week) and bathing.

What is a “teacup” Yorkie? Should I buy one?
A “teacup” is not an official variety of the breed but a marketing term for Yorkies that weigh significantly less than the standard (under 1.8 kg or 4 lbs). Such dogs are often the result of irresponsible breeding practices and suffer from very serious health problems (hypoglycaemia, heart conditions, increased bone fragility, hydrocephalus, etc.) and have a much shorter lifespan. Responsible breeders and vets strongly advise against buying “teacup” dogs.