Dachshund

• Origin: Germany
• FCI Classification: Group 4. Dachshunds.
• Year of First Official Standard: 1888 (German Teckel Club)
• Life Expectancy: 12-16 years
• Standard Height: up to 13.8 inches (determined by chest circumference)
• Weight: Varies by size (Rabbit Dachshund up to 7.7 lbs, Miniature up to 8.8 lbs, Standard up to 20-26 lbs)
• Temperament: Brave, inquisitive, stubborn, devoted, playful, intelligent
• Use: Den hunter, companion

The history of the Dachshund dates back centuries, though its exact origins are still debated. It’s widely believed that their ancestors were low-legged German hounds (bracks). Images of short-legged hunting dogs have even been found in Ancient Egypt (dating to the 18th–23rd centuries BC), and ancient Greek historians Xenophon and Arrian mentioned similar canines. However, the intentional breeding of a dog resembling the modern Dachshund began much later.

Germany was the key country in the breed’s development. The name “Dachshund” literally translates to “badger dog” (dachs – badger, hund – dog), which directly points to the animal’s original purpose: hunting badgers, foxes, and other den-dwelling creatures. Their unique long body on short legs was perfectly suited for working underground. The first mentions of “badger” or “earth” dogs in German sources date back to the 16th and 17th centuries.

Systematic selective breeding started in the 18th century, and official recognition came in the 19th century. In 1888, the German Teckel Club (Deutscher Teckelklub) was founded, which approved the first breed standard. Initially, only the smooth-haired variety existed, but later, by cross-breeding with spaniels and schnauzers/terriers, the long-haired and wire-haired Dachshunds were developed, respectively. For those who love the tenacious spirit of a dachshund, other terriers like the Basset Hound, Alpine Dachshund Badger Dog, and Drever Swedish Dachshund share similar hunting backgrounds.

Interestingly, the miniature varieties (Dwarf and Rabbit Dachshunds) appeared later, likely with the involvement of toy Pinschers. This may have influenced some of their physical traits, such as their more bulging eyes, which are sometimes considered a flaw.

Dachshund popularity quickly grew not only in Germany but also abroad. In Great Britain, they became favorites of the royal family thanks to Queen Victoria, who brought them from Germany. However, during World War I and II, the breed’s popularity in English-speaking countries plummeted due to its association with Germany. Fortunately, the breed eventually regained its well-deserved global affection.

The Dachshund is a breed that impresses with its diversity. The main distinguishing feature is a long torso on short, sturdy legs. It is a low-to-the-ground, but muscular dog with a well-developed chest. The front legs are more massive than the back, an adaptation for digging dens. The backline should be straight. The muzzle is elongated, with a minimally defined stop. The FCI standard recognizes nine main varieties of Dachshunds, which are classified by two parameters: coat type and size (determined by chest circumference at an age of no less than 15 months).

Dachshund Coat Types

• Smooth-Haired: The oldest type. The coat is short, dense, and shiny, lying close to the body. It requires minimal care and provides good protection from dirt and moisture.
• Long-Haired: The coat is soft, silky, and straight or slightly wavy, with longer hair on the ears, underside, back of the legs, and tail (forming a “flag”). It requires regular brushing to prevent tangles. Long-haired Dachshunds are often considered to have a calmer temperament compared to smooth-haired ones.
• Wire-Haired: The coat is dense, harsh, and wiry, with a well-developed undercoat. Characteristic features include thick “eyebrows,” a “mustache,” and a “beard” on the muzzle. It requires periodic stripping (plucking dead hair) to maintain the correct texture and appearance. Wire-haired Dachshunds are often considered the most rugged and stubborn.

Dachshund Sizes

Dachshund size is determined not by height or weight (though approximate values exist), but by chest circumference, measured at a minimum of 15 months of age:

It’s important to note that in some countries (like the U.S. and Great Britain), the classification may differ, and they primarily distinguish between standard and miniature Dachshunds by weight.

Dachshund Colors

Dachshunds come in an incredibly wide range of colors:

• Solid Colors: Red (from light sand to deep mahogany), cream. Small white markings on the chest are acceptable but not desirable.
• Two-Toned: Black and tan, chocolate and tan, blue and tan (gray), Isabella and tan (lilac). The tan markings should be clearly defined, with a rich red or cream color.
• Dappled (Merle): A base color (black, red, gray) with irregular gray or beige patches. Large patches are undesirable. No single color should dominate.
• Brindle: A base color of red or cream with dark (black) stripes.

White, with the exception of a small patch on the chest, is considered a serious fault in most color variations, except for dappled, where small white spots may be present.

A Dachshund is a dog with a huge personality in a small body. Its character is a vibrant mix of bravery, stubbornness, curiosity, loyalty, and playfulness. You should never forget their hunting past: their instincts for digging and chasing are very strong. They are energetic, love active walks, exploring their surroundings, and are ready to stick their long nose into every nook and cranny.

Courage and Independence: Dachshunds are fearless, sometimes to the point of recklessness. They can take on an opponent much larger than themselves to protect their territory or owner. This trait makes them excellent watchdogs—they will always alert you with a loud bark when strangers approach. At the same time, they are quite independent and can be very stubborn, especially if they feel their interests are being ignored.

Intelligence and Wit: Dachshunds are smart dogs, capable of remembering many words and commands. They learn quickly, but their stubborn streak can complicate the training process. They are also known for their cleverness and ability to manipulate people to get what they want (for example, to beg for treats). For owners looking for a similarly intelligent but perhaps more biddable small companion, breeds like the Shih Tzu or the Pomeranian may be a good fit.

Loyalty and Friendliness: Despite their independence, Dachshunds become very attached to their family and often choose one “main” person to whom they are endlessly devoted. They are affectionate, love being the center of attention, and enjoy spending time with people. Most Dachshunds get along well with children, especially if they grow up together, and are eager to participate in their games. However, it’s important to teach children to respect the dog and its personal space.

Relationship with Other Animals: With proper socialization, Dachshunds can live peacefully with other dogs and even cats. However, their strong hunting instinct can pose a threat to small pets (rodents, birds). It is crucial to introduce them to other pets carefully and under supervision.

Love for Comfort: Dachshunds appreciate coziness. They adore soft beds and blankets and will happily curl up on the owner’s couch or armchair, burrowing under a throw.

Need for Activity: Despite their short legs, Dachshunds are active dogs that need regular walks and mental stimulation. They enjoy running, playing, and exploring new routes. Insufficient activity can lead to weight gain and behavioral problems.

It’s important to remember that every dog is an individual, and the personality of a specific Dachshund can vary slightly depending on coat type (long-haired are often calmer), upbringing, and genetics. However, the general traits of the breed—bravery, intelligence, and loyalty—are characteristic of most of its members.

Dachshunds are generally considered to be quite hardy dogs with a stable psyche, capable of living 12-16 years. However, their unique body structure (long spine and short legs) makes them prone to certain health problems. The most serious and common issue is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD).

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

This is a degenerative condition in which the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and can rupture or bulge, pressing on the spinal cord. This causes severe pain, neurological disorders, and in severe cases, can lead to partial or complete paralysis of the hind legs.

1. Symptoms of IVDD:
   • Reluctance to move or jump (onto the couch, up stairs).
   • Stiff movements, changes in gait.
   • Curving of the back (a “humped” back).
   • Whining or yelping when the back is touched or when being picked up.
   • Weakness or complete paralysis of the hind legs.
   • Loss of bladder and bowel control.
2. Risk Factors:
   • Genetic Predisposition: Dachshunds have a congenital chondrodystrophy that promotes early disc degeneration.
   • Obesity: Excess body weight puts additional strain on the spine.
   • Excessive Physical Activity: Jumping from heights (couches, chairs, stairs), and sudden movements.
   • Trauma.
3. Prevention of IVDD:
   • Weight Management: Do not overfeed your dog, and maintain an optimal physical condition. This is the most important preventative factor!
   • Limit Jumping: Do not allow your Dachshund to jump off furniture; use ramps or teach it to wait to be lifted down. Avoid frequent use of stairs.
   • Proper Lifting: Lift your Dachshund by supporting its chest with one hand and the back of its body with the other, keeping its spine level.
   • Moderate Exercise: Regular leash walks are beneficial for strengthening back muscles, but avoid excessive strain and games involving jumping or sharp turns.
   • Use a Harness: Some experts recommend using a harness instead of a collar to reduce pressure on the neck and spine.

If any symptoms of IVDD appear, it is essential to seek veterinary care immediately! Early diagnosis and treatment (conservative or surgical) significantly increase the chances of recovery.

Other Potential Dachshund Health Issues

• Obesity: Dachshunds are prone to weight gain, which increases the risk of IVDD and other problems (diabetes, heart disease).
• Eye Problems: Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), cataracts, glaucoma.
• Cushing’s Syndrome: A hormonal disorder.
• Epilepsy: A neurological condition characterized by seizures.
• Acanthosis Nigricans: A skin condition specific to Dachshunds, characterized by darkening and thickening of the skin, often in the armpits and groin.
• Dental Problems: Prone to tartar buildup and periodontal disease.
• Heart Disease.
• Diabetes.

Regular veterinary check-ups (at least once a year, and twice a year for older dogs), timely vaccinations, parasite control, and careful attention to any changes in your dog’s behavior or condition will help keep it healthy for many years.

Caring for a Dachshund is not overly complicated but has its own peculiarities depending on the coat type and the breed’s overall needs.

Dachshund Coat Care

• Smooth-Haired Dachshunds: Require minimal care. It’s enough to wipe their coat with a damp cloth or a special grooming mitt once or twice a week to remove dead hair and dust and maintain a healthy shine. They shed moderately.
• Long-Haired Dachshunds: Require regular brushing (2-3 times a week, and daily during shedding season) with a comb and brush to prevent tangles, especially on the ears, underarms, “pants,” and tail. You may also need to trim the hair between their paw pads periodically.
• Wire-Haired Dachshunds: Require regular brushing (1-2 times a week) and professional stripping (plucking of dead outer hair) 2-4 times a year. Clipper cutting is not recommended, as it ruins the coat’s texture, making it soft and dull, which deprives the dog of its natural protection. You also need to care for their “beard” and “eyebrows,” keeping them tidy.

Bathing and Hygiene

• Bathing: You should bathe your Dachshund as needed when it’s genuinely dirty, using a special dog shampoo. Too-frequent bathing can strip the skin’s natural protective oils. For long-haired Dachshunds, you can use a conditioner to make brushing easier.
• Ears: Because Dachshunds have floppy ears, they are poorly ventilated, creating a favorable environment for infections. Regularly (once a week) check the ear canals. Clean them with a special lotion and cotton balls only if you see visible dirt. Look out for an unpleasant odor or redness—these could be signs of an ear infection. For long-haired Dachshunds, make sure food doesn’t get on the hair of their ears.
• Eyes: Check your dog’s eyes daily. You can remove small discharge from the corners with a clean, damp cloth. If there is excessive discharge, redness, or cloudiness, contact your veterinarian.
• Teeth: Dachshunds are prone to plaque and tartar buildup. It’s recommended to brush their teeth with a special dog toothbrush and toothpaste 2-3 times a week (ideally daily). You can also use special dental treats and toys. Regular dental check-ups at the vet are a must.
• Nails: Dachshund nails grow quite fast. If they don’t wear down naturally during walks on hard surfaces, they need to be trimmed regularly (about every 2-4 weeks) with special dog nail clippers. Puppies need this procedure more often. It’s important not to hit the blood vessel inside the nail. If you’re unsure, it’s best to entrust this procedure to a groomer or veterinarian.

Activity and Walks

Dachshunds are energetic dogs that need daily walks (at least two 30-40 minute walks a day). Walks should be active, with opportunities to run (in a safe place) and explore the area. However, remember the risk of spinal injury: avoid jumping from heights and overly intense games with sharp turns. Provide your Dachshund with enough toys at home so it can satisfy its need for activity and chewing without destroying your belongings.

Training a Dachshund can be both an exciting and challenging process. Their intelligence and wit allow them to quickly grasp commands, but their stubbornness and independence require patience, consistency, and a positive approach from the owner.

Key Principles of Dachshund Training

• Start Early: Begin training and socialization as early as possible, literally from the first days the puppy is in your home.
• Positive Reinforcement: Dachshunds respond well to encouragement—praise, affection, play, and treats (use small pieces of special dog treats or their regular food). Punishment and yelling are generally ineffective and can lead to even greater stubbornness or fear.
• Short and Engaging Sessions: Dachshunds lose concentration quickly. Conduct training in short sessions (5-10 minutes) several times a day. Make the sessions fun and game-like to keep the dog interested.
• Consistency and Clarity: Use clear, short commands and be consistent in your demands. All family members should follow the established rules so as not to confuse the dog.
• Patience and Persistence: Don’t expect instant results. A Dachshund may “test your limits.” Be patient but persistent, calmly repeating commands and rewarding good behavior.
• Overcoming Stubbornness: If a Dachshund refuses to perform a command, don’t force it. Try to take a step back, repeat a simpler command it knows, reward it, and then return to the more difficult one. Sometimes it’s enough to simply change the motivation or take a break.

Dachshund Socialization

Early and proper socialization is extremely important for a Dachshund to grow into a well-balanced and confident dog. From an early age, introduce your puppy to:

• Different people: Adults, children of various ages.
• Other dogs: Calm, well-behaved dogs of different breeds and sizes (under supervision).
• Different places and sounds: Streets, parks, transportation, loud city noises.
• Different situations: Car rides, visits to the vet or groomer.

Positive experiences during puppyhood will help prevent the development of fears and aggression in the future.

Essential Commands and Skills

• Potty Training: Take your puppy outside frequently, especially after naps, meals, and playtime. Praise and reward it when it goes to the bathroom outside.
• Basic Commands: “Sit,” “Down,” “Stay,” “Come,” “Heel,” “Leave It,” and “Place.” These commands are necessary for controlling your dog and ensuring its safety.
• Leash and Harness/Collar Training.
• Barking Control: Dachshunds are prone to barking. Teach the “Quiet” or “Speak” command to help control this behavior.
• Overcoming Hunting Instincts: Teach your dog a reliable “Come” command to prevent it from chasing cats or other small animals on walks.

If you face difficulties with your Dachshund’s training or behavior, don’t hesitate to seek help from a professional dog trainer.

Proper nutrition is the key to your Dachshund’s health, longevity, and well-being. Special attention should be paid to their diet because of the breed’s predisposition to obesity and spinal problems. The choice of feeding method—home-cooked meals or a complete dry/wet food—depends on your capabilities and beliefs, but in both cases, it’s important to follow certain rules.

Feeding Prepared Foods

This is a convenient and balanced option, as high-quality foods already contain all the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.

• Food Grade: Choose premium, super-premium, or holistic-grade foods. Inexpensive economy-grade foods often contain low-quality ingredients, many fillers (corn, wheat), and artificial additives.
• Food Purpose: There are specialized food lines for small breeds that take into account their energy needs and kibble size. There are also foods for puppies, adults, senior dogs, and for dogs with sensitive digestion, allergies, or a tendency to gain weight.
• Ingredients: Pay attention to the first ingredients on the list—it should be meat (a specific type: chicken, turkey, beef, lamb) or dehydrated meat, not “meat by-products” or grains. The animal protein content should be high (22% and above, with meat content of 40% and above for quality foods). Dachshunds need protein to support their muscle structure.
• Dosage: Strictly follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on the packaging. The amount depends on the dog’s weight, age, activity level, and the caloric content of the food itself. Do not overfeed! Dry food expands in the stomach.
• Water: When feeding dry food, your dog should always have free access to fresh, clean water.

Home-Cooked Meals

If you choose to feed home-cooked meals, creating a balanced diet requires more effort and knowledge.

Forbidden Foods for Dachshunds

• Sweets (chocolate is especially toxic!).
• Smoked meats, sausages, fatty foods.
• Hollow bones (chicken, fish)—can injure the gastrointestinal tract.
• Onions, garlic.
• Grapes, raisins.
• Avocado.
• Foods with spices, salt, or that are spicy.
• Milk (often causes digestive upset in adult dogs).
• Dough, fresh bread.

Feeding Schedule

Puppies should be fed more often (4-6 times a day), gradually reducing the number of meals. Adult Dachshunds (after 10-12 months) should be fed strictly twice a day—in the morning and evening, preferably at the same time. If the dog doesn’t finish its food within 15-20 minutes, the bowl should be removed until the next feeding. Do not leave food freely available. Do not feed your dog from the table!

Weight control is a key aspect of Dachshund nutrition. A dog should be lean, with ribs that are slightly palpable. Obesity is a direct path to spinal and other health problems.

Like any breed, the Dachshund has its advantages and disadvantages that potential owners should consider.

Before getting a Dachshund, it’s important to realistically assess your ability and readiness to dedicate time to its training, care, and to ensuring the safety of its unique physique. It is a wonderful friend for responsible owners.

• “Badger Dog”: The breed’s name “Dachshund” literally means “badger dog” in German, pointing to its original purpose.
• First Olympic Mascot: A Dachshund named Waldi was the first official mascot of the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. His design symbolized endurance, tenacity, and agility—qualities characteristic of both athletes and Dachshunds.
• Royal Favorites: Dachshunds were a favorite breed of Queen Victoria, which contributed to their popularity in Great Britain.
• Symbol of Germany: During World War I, the Dachshund became an unofficial symbol of Germany in propaganda materials from the Allied countries, which negatively affected the breed’s popularity in the U.S. and Britain.
• Art and Dachshunds: Pablo Picasso adored his Dachshund named Lump, who often appeared in his photographs and even became the prototype for some of his works. Andy Warhol also had two Dachshunds, Archie and Amos, and frequently depicted them in his art.
• “Sausage Dog”: The informal name “wiener dog” or “sausage dog” came about because of the Dachshund’s characteristic long body shape.
• Nine Varieties: Officially, there are 9 varieties of Dachshunds (3 coat types x 3 sizes), making them one of the most diverse breeds.
• Dachshund Races: In some countries (for example, Australia, U.S.), humorous Dachshund races (Wiener Races) are popular, where these short-legged sprinters compete over short distances.

Is a Dachshund a good fit for apartment living?
Yes, thanks to their compact size, Dachshunds adapt well to apartment life, provided they get enough daily walks and activity. They love comfort and appreciate a cozy home.

Do Dachshunds shed a lot?
The level of shedding depends on the coat type. Smooth-haired Dachshunds shed moderately year-round. Long-haired ones shed seasonally and require regular brushing. Wire-haired Dachshunds shed the least but require stripping.

Are Dachshunds noisy?
Dachshunds can be quite vocal. They have a loud bark and tend to bark at strangers, sounds behind the door, or when they are bored or want something. Early training and teaching the “Quiet” command can help control this trait.

Are Dachshunds easy to train?
Dachshunds are smart but stubborn. Training requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. They can learn quickly but sometimes “pretend they can’t hear you” if a command doesn’t interest them. It’s important to find the right motivation.

Do Dachshunds get along with children?
Typically, yes. Dachshunds can be great companions for children, especially if they grow up together. However, it’s important to teach children to respect the dog, not to bother it while it’s sleeping or eating, and not to cause it pain. Because of the risk of spinal injury, young children should not be allowed to pick up a Dachshund.

Can a Dachshund be left alone for long periods?
Dachshunds are very people-oriented and can suffer from loneliness, which sometimes manifests as destructive behavior or excessive barking. It’s not recommended to leave them alone for an entire workday on a regular basis. If this is unavoidable, provide the dog with a safe space and toys, and gradually accustom it to your absence.

How can I prevent back problems in my Dachshund?
The most important things are weight control, avoiding jumping from heights, proper lifting of the dog, and moderate physical activity without sudden movements. Using ramps for furniture can also be helpful.

Does a Dachshund need special clothing?
Smooth-haired Dachshunds, especially miniature ones, can get cold in chilly weather due to their short coat and the proximity of their body to the ground. In freezing or wet weather, they may need a warm coat or sweater.

What breeds are similar to Dachshunds in temperament or appearance?
While the Dachshund is unique, some of its personality traits (like stubbornness and hunting instincts) can be found in terriers. In terms of small size and companion qualities, they can be compared to breeds like the Shih Tzu or Pomeranian, though their appearance and purpose are completely different. When it comes to dogs from Tibet, the Tibetan Terrier, despite its name, is not a true terrier, but rather an ancient companion and watchdog that shares some of the Dachshund’s devotion to its family.