Schipperke

• Origin: Belgium
• First Mention: 1879 (official recognition)
• Lifespan: 12-18 years
• Height at Withers: 10-13 inches (25-33 cm) (FCI standard)
• Weight: 7-20 pounds (3-9 kg)
• FCI Group: Group 1 (Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs, except Swiss Cattle Dogs), Section 1 (Sheepdogs)

The history of the Schipperke is closely tied to Belgium, particularly the Flanders region. These dogs are thought to descend from an ancient Spitz-type dog, or perhaps they’re a miniature version of the black Belgian sheepdog breed, the Groenendael, which existed back in the Middle Ages. Initially, Schipperkes were known as “Spits” or “Spitske” (Spitz or little Spitz) in Brussels and surrounding areas. Their primary purpose was multifaceted: they were excellent rat and mouse hunters, especially popular among merchants and artisans who kept them in their workshops and homes. However, the breed gained widespread popularity and official recognition thanks to its role on Belgian barges and canals. There, they acted as watchdogs, warning of approaching strangers, and continued to hunt rodents. This work on ships gave them the name “Schipperke.” While the most common translation is “little captain” or “boatman,” some theories suggest the name comes from the Flemish word “scheperke,” meaning “little shepherd.” This might hint at a possible connection to herding dogs, although their duties on barges were more focused on guarding and ratting.

The first official description of the Schipperke breed appeared in 1879 at an exhibition in Brussels. This was a pivotal moment for its standardization and popularization. In 1885, the breed caught the eye of Queen Marie-Henriette of Belgium, who was captivated by one of the Schipperkes at an exhibition. This royal interest made the breed fashionable among the aristocracy and helped it spread beyond Belgium. In 1888, the Royal Schipperke Club was founded in Brussels, a significant step for the breed’s further development and preservation of its purity. The breed standard was officially approved that same year. Subsequently, Schipperkes were imported to Great Britain and the United States, where they also gained popularity due to their unusual appearance and vibrant character.

Interestingly, Schipperkes were often confused with other small black dogs, such as the Pomeranian, especially early in their spread to other countries. However, their unique silhouette, specific coat, and lack of tail (either natural or as a result of docking, which was once a common practice) make them easily recognizable. Although Schipperkes belong to the sheepdog group according to FCI classification, their historical functions were more related to guarding and rodent control than herding livestock. Their fondness for water, noted by many owners, might indeed be linked to their “maritime” past on barges.

The Schipperke is a small, but sturdy and stocky dog with a characteristic “fox-like” facial expression. Its appearance conveys an impression of alertness, liveliness, and intelligence.

Size and Proportions: The Schipperke is a compact dog with a square or slightly elongated body shape. According to the FCI standard, the ideal height at the withers is 10-13 inches (25-33 cm). Weight ranges from 7 to 20 pounds (3 to 9 kg), depending on gender and individual characteristics, but the dog should be proportionate and not appear too light or too heavy.

Head: The Schipperke’s head is proportionate to its body and has a “fox-like” shape. The skull is fairly broad and rounded when viewed from the front. The stop-the transition from forehead to muzzle-is defined but not abrupt. The muzzle is moderately long, tapering towards the nose. The nose pad is small and always black. Lips are tight-fitting and black.

Eyes: Schipperke eyes are small, oval, and not deeply set. The eye color should be as dark as possible, preferably dark brown. Their gaze is intelligent, lively, curious, and alert, matching the breed’s character. Eyelids are black.

Ears: The ears are small, triangular, set high, erect, and very mobile. They give the face a characteristic expression that easily changes with the dog’s mood.

Body: The Schipperke’s body is short, broad, and stocky. The neck is strong and of medium length. The back is short, strong, straight, or slightly sloping towards the rump. The croup is short and broad. The chest is deep and wide, with well-sprung ribs. The abdomen is tucked up.

Limbs: The legs are straight, parallel, and strong, with well-developed musculature. The paws are small, round (“cat-like”), with tightly gathered toes and strong black claws.

Tail: Historically, Schipperkes were often born tailless or with a very short tail. Tail docking was also practiced. According to modern FCI standards, a complete absence of tail is a desired characteristic, although tails of any length are permitted. In countries where docking is forbidden, Schipperkes may have tails of various lengths, including normal, long tails carried above the topline.

Coat: The Schipperke’s coat is one of the breed’s most distinctive features. It is dense, harsh, straight, and lies close to the body. The undercoat is very thick and soft. The coat length is uneven: it’s relatively short on the body (back, sides), while on the neck and chest, it forms a profuse “ruff” or “mane.” On the hindquarters, it creates “breeches,” and on the tail (if present), the fur is longer. This coat structure provides excellent protection against harsh weather.

Color: The only FCI-recognized color for Schipperkes is solid black. The coat should be as pure black as possible. Slight reddish or brownish tints are permissible, but a rich black is preferred.

The Schipperke’s temperament is arguably the most striking feature of this breed. Despite their modest size, they possess an enormous amount of spirit, energy, and self-confidence. They are often called “little devils” due to their tireless activity, curiosity, and a certain audaciousness.

Key Schipperke Temperament Traits:

• Energetic and Agile: These are extremely active dogs that require regular, long walks and opportunities to burn off their energy. They are always ready for play and adventure.
• Curious: Schipperkes are incredibly curious about everything happening around them. They need to “stick their nose” into every situation, exploring every corner. This curiosity makes them vigilant watchdogs.
• Alertness and Guarding Instinct: Despite their size, Schipperkes are excellent guardians. They are very alert, quickly react to any unusual sounds or movements, and announce them with loud barking. Their guarding instinct is well-developed, and they will fearlessly protect their territory and family.
• Self-Confident and Independent: Schipperkes possess a strong will and a degree of independence. They aren’t blindly obedient and can be stubborn, especially if they don’t see the point of a command or are bored. This trait requires consistency and patience from the owner during training.
• Devotion and Affection for Family: Schipperkes become deeply attached to their owners and strive to be full members of the family. They love spending time with people and participating in all family activities. Their loyalty is boundless.
• Attitude Towards Children: Schipperkes usually get along wonderfully with children, especially if they grew up together or were properly socialized. They love to play and are patient companions for children’s games. It’s important that children respect the dog and don’t mistreat it.
• Attitude Towards Other Animals: With other dogs, especially if they grew up together, Schipperkes usually get along well. However, their high prey drive can create problems with small household pets, such as rodents (ironic, given their origin) or even cats, if they haven’t been properly introduced and socialized from an early age.
• Barking Tendency: Schipperkes are prone to barking. This is part of their watchdog nature. They bark to warn of potential danger or simply to express excitement or joy. This can become a problem for neighbors, so controlling barking needs to be addressed during training.
• Inventiveness and Cunning: These dogs are very clever and quick learners. They can use their intelligence both to follow commands and to get what they want, sometimes displaying considerable cunning.

The Schipperke is not a “couch potato” dog. They need an active family ready to devote time, attention, and provide both physical and mental stimulation. Without proper stimulation, they can become destructive or excessively barky. This breed requires consistent upbringing and early socialization for their bright personality to shine through. With the right approach, a Schipperke becomes a wonderful, devoted, cheerful, and fearless companion.

Generally, Schipperkes are considered a fairly healthy breed with a long lifespan, often reaching 15-18 years. However, like any breed, they are prone to certain hereditary and acquired diseases. It’s important to be aware of them to recognize symptoms early and ensure proper treatment.

Common Schipperke Diseases:

• Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It can be genetically predisposed. Requires veterinary examination and medication to control seizures.
• Hypothyroidism: A thyroid gland disorder leading to insufficient production of thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include weight gain, hair loss, lethargy, and skin problems. Diagnosed by blood test and treated with hormone therapy.
• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. More common in young dogs of small breeds. Leads to lameness and pain in the hip joint. May require surgical intervention.
• Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB (MPS IIIB): A rare, inherited metabolic disease affecting the accumulation of certain substances in the body, impacting the central nervous system. This is a progressive condition leading to neurological symptoms and shortening lifespan. A genetic test is available.
• Patellar Luxation: Dislocation of the kneecap from its normal position. Can cause lameness and pain. Severe cases may require surgical correction.
• Distichiasis: Abnormal growth of eyelashes from the edge of the eyelid, which can irritate the cornea and conjunctiva. May lead to inflammation, corneal ulcers. Often requires surgical removal of the abnormal lashes.
• Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A group of inherited diseases leading to degeneration of the retina and gradual loss of vision, which can progress to complete blindness. Genetic tests are available for some forms of PRA.

Prevention and Health Care:

• Choose a Responsible Breeder: One of the most important steps to ensure your future pet’s health. Responsible breeders perform genetic tests on their breeding dogs for hereditary diseases such as MPS IIIB, PRA, and check for patellar luxation and hip dysplasia. Don’t hesitate to ask the breeder for the results of these tests for the puppy’s parents.
• Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Annual vet visits are crucial, including vaccinations and deworming. Your vet can assess your dog’s overall health and detect any problems early.
• Proper Nutrition and Weight Control: Providing a balanced diet appropriate for your dog’s age and activity level is critical. Schipperkes are prone to gaining excessive weight, which can worsen joint and cardiovascular problems. Portion control and avoiding overfeeding are essential.
• Sufficient Physical Exercise: Regular activity helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles and joints, improves cardiovascular function and digestion. Lack of exercise can lead to health problems.
• Hygiene: Regular dental, ear, and eye care helps prevent infections and other issues.
• Symptoms to Watch For: Schipperke owners should be alert to any changes in behavior, appetite, activity levels, onset of lameness, breathing problems, skin rashes, or excessive hair loss. If any alarming symptoms appear, contact your vet immediately.

Remember, timely diagnosis and proper care significantly increase a Schipperke’s chances of a long and healthy life.

Caring for a Schipperke isn’t overly complicated but requires regularity, especially concerning their coat and ensuring sufficient activity.

Coat Care: The Schipperke’s unique coat, consisting of a harsh outer coat and a dense undercoat, provides excellent protection against any weather. It also tends to stay relatively clean, not accumulating much dirt and lacking a strong “doggy” odor with proper care.

• Regular Brushing: The main care involves regular brushing to remove dead hairs and prevent mats, especially in the “ruff” and “breeches” areas where the hair is longer. Usually, brushing once or twice a week with a slicker brush or a fine-toothed metal comb is sufficient.
• Shedding: Schipperkes shed seasonally, typically twice a year. During shedding, hair loss significantly increases, and you’ll need to brush your dog daily, sometimes even twice a day, to help remove the dead undercoat more quickly. Interestingly, males usually shed less intensely than females.
• Bathing: Bathe your Schipperke only when necessary, when the dog is truly dirty. Too frequent bathing can dry out the skin and damage the coat’s texture, stripping it of its natural protective oils. Use only specialized dog shampoos. Thanks to their dense undercoat, Schipperkes dry fairly quickly.

Hygiene:

• Ear Care: Regularly check the ears for dirt, excess wax, or signs of infection (redness, foul odor). Clean ears using a specialized ear cleaning solution for dogs and a cotton pad or swab, avoiding deep penetration into the ear canal.
• Eye Care: Daily wipe the corners of the eyes with a damp cloth or cotton pad moistened with a special eye care solution or just clean water to remove any discharge. Pay attention to excessive tearing or redness, which could indicate problems, such as distichiasis.
• Dental Care: Regular tooth brushing (ideally daily or several times a week) using special dog toothpaste and a brush will help prevent plaque and tartar buildup, as well as gum disease.
• Nail Trimming: Regularly check the length of their nails and trim them as they grow, usually every 2-4 weeks. Overly long nails can cause discomfort when walking and lead to paw problems. If you’re unsure how to properly trim nails, ask your vet or a groomer to show you.

Activity: Schipperkes are extremely active and energetic dogs that require a significant amount of physical exercise daily. Despite their small size, they are not “lap dogs” and won’t be satisfied with short strolls around the block.

• Daily Walks: A minimum of two long walks a day is necessary, during which the dog should have the opportunity to run, play, and explore. Ideally, if there’s a safe, fenced area where the dog can run off-leash, that’s even better.
• Games and Training: Schipperkes love to play (fetch, tug-of-war) and engage in intellectual games. Regular training not only provides discipline but also offers necessary mental stimulation.
• Dog Sports: Due to their energy, agility, and intelligence, Schipperkes excel in various dog sports such as agility, obedience, and flyball. This is an excellent way to channel their energy into a positive outlet and strengthen the bond with their owner.

Remember, a bored Schipperke with unspent energy can become destructive in the house or display excessive barking. Ensuring the right level of activity is key to a happy and well-behaved Schipperke.

Schipperkes are very intelligent, yet also quite independent and cunning dogs. This makes their training process both exciting and one that demands patience and consistency.

Early Socialization: Socialization is critically important for Schipperkes, starting from an early puppy age (approximately 3-4 weeks, as soon as it’s safe after initial vaccinations). It’s necessary to introduce the puppy to various people (men, women, children), other friendly dogs of different sizes and breeds, and other household pets if possible. It’s also important to introduce them to different sounds, places, and situations (car rides, being in noisy places, park walks). A well-socialized Schipperke will be more confident and less timid or aggressive towards strangers and other animals.

Training: Schipperkes learn quickly, but their independent nature means they might decide that performing a command isn’t interesting for them at a given moment. Therefore, key points in Schipperke training are:

• Consistency and Persistence: Establish clear rules and always stick to them. Don’t allow today what’s forbidden tomorrow.
• Positive Reinforcement: Schipperkes respond wonderfully to positive reinforcement-praise, treats, games. They aim to please their owner (when they want to!), and goodies and attention are excellent motivators. Avoid harsh methods or punishments, as this can make the dog withdrawn or, conversely, more stubborn.
• Short and Interesting Sessions: Schipperkes quickly lose interest in monotonous repetitions. Keep training sessions short (5-10 minutes), fun, and varied.
• Early Start: Begin training with basic commands and house-training and leash-training as early as possible, from 6-8 weeks. Puppies at this age are extremely receptive.
• Barking Control: Due to their watchdog nature, Schipperkes are prone to excessive barking. It’s important to teach them the “quiet” or “enough” command from an early age. Teach them to bark when someone knocks at the door but to stop barking on your command.
• Leash Training: Schipperkes have a strong prey drive and may chase small animals. Therefore, it’s vital to train them from an early age to walk calmly on a leash and not pull.

Thanks to their intelligence and energy, Schipperkes successfully compete in agility, flyball, and obedience competitions. This not only physically but also mentally stimulates the dog, strengthening the bond between it and the owner. Remember that Schipperkes need both physical and mental exercise to be happy and well-behaved. They are very attached to their owners and strive to spend time with them, so joint activities and training bring them great pleasure. Unlike some other breeds, such as the Schapendoes or Tervuren, which were bred purely for herding and have a stronger instinct for gathering and controlling livestock, Schipperkes are more oriented towards guarding and rodent extermination. This influences their instincts and motivation during training.

Proper nutrition is the foundation of a Schipperke’s health and longevity. These dogs are known for their tendency to overeat and gain excessive weight, so diet control is extremely important. Schipperkes are not overly picky eaters, but that doesn’t mean they can be fed just anything.

Choosing Food Type:

• High-Quality Dry Food: This is the most common and often the most convenient option. Choose a high-quality premium or super-premium dry food designed for small breeds with a high activity level. Pay attention to the ingredients: the first ingredients should be animal protein sources (meat).
• Natural Diet: Some owners prefer a natural diet, which includes raw or cooked meat (beef, chicken, turkey, rabbit), offal, boneless fish, vegetables, fruits, fermented milk products (kefir, yogurt, low-fat cottage cheese), and grains (buckwheat, rice). Such a diet must be balanced in all nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, which may require consultation with a veterinary nutritionist.
• Mixed Feeding: It’s not recommended to constantly mix dry food and natural food in the same feeding, as they are digested differently. If you practice mixed feeding, it’s better to give dry food at one meal and natural food at another.

Key Dietary Components:

• Proteins: Necessary for tissue growth and repair. The main source should be high-quality animal meat.
• Fats: Important for energy, skin and coat health, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Sources-animal fats, fish oil.
• Carbohydrates: A source of energy. It’s better to choose complex carbohydrates from grains (buckwheat, rice) or vegetables.
• Fiber: Necessary for healthy digestion. Found in vegetables and some grains.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Vitally important for all bodily functions. Usually contained in balanced commercial foods or added to a natural diet in the form of vitamin-mineral complexes. For Schipperke puppies, vitamins A and D are especially important for proper bone development and vision.

Feeding Recommendations:

• Number of Feedings: Puppies up to 3-4 months are fed 4-5 times a day, from 4 to 6 months-3 times a day, after 6 months-2 times a day (morning and evening). Adult Schipperkes are fed twice a day.
• Portion Size: Follow the food manufacturer’s recommendations for daily intake, indicated on the packaging, based on the dog’s weight and activity level. For a natural diet, the portion size is calculated individually, often about 3-5% of the dog’s weight per day.
• Avoid Dangerous Foods: Never give your Schipperke chocolate, onions, garlic, grapes and raisins, avocado, xylitol (artificial sweetener), alcohol, or bones (especially tubular chicken bones, which can splinter into sharp fragments and injure the gastrointestinal tract). Also, limit sweets, fatty, and fried foods from your table.
• Ensure Access to Fresh Water: Your dog should always have free access to clean drinking water.
• Weight Control: Regularly weigh your Schipperke and visually assess its condition. You should easily feel its ribs under a thin layer of fat, and a distinct waist should be visible when viewed from above. Obesity is a serious problem for Schipperkes, increasing the risk of many diseases.

Remember that any changes to the diet should be introduced gradually. If any digestive problems occur or you suspect an allergy, consult your veterinarian.

Like any breed, the Schipperke has its advantages and disadvantages. Let’s look at them to help potential owners make an informed choice.

Pros of Schipperkes:

• Excellent Companion for Active People: Ideal for those who lead an active lifestyle, enjoy long walks, hikes, and dog sports.
• High Intelligence: Schipperkes are very smart and learn quickly, which makes the training process interesting (though it requires the right approach).
• Strong Guarding Instinct: Despite their size, they are excellent watchdogs, always on alert and warning of any suspicious activity.
• Family Devotion: They become strongly attached to their owners, love children very much, and strive to spend time with the family.
• Relatively Small Size: Convenient for keeping in an apartment or a house, although they require a lot of outdoor exercise.
• Robust Health and Longevity: Generally, they have robust health and can live a long life (12-18 years) with proper care.
• Low Coat Grooming Requirements (except during shedding): The coat doesn’t require complicated grooming; regular brushing is sufficient.
• No Strong “Doggy” Odor: Their coat stays clean and doesn’t have a pungent smell.

Cons of Schipperkes:

• High Energy Level: They need a significant amount of physical and mental stimulation. Without it, they can become destructive or excessively barky. Not suitable for people who are not prepared to dedicate a lot of time to walks and games.
• Tendency to Bark: Their guarding nature manifests in a propensity to bark, which can be a problem for neighbors or those who value quiet. Requires correction during training.
• Independence and Stubbornness: They can display independence and stubbornness, which requires patience, consistency, and experience in training from the owner. Not the best choice for inexperienced owners.
• Strong Prey Drive: Prone to chasing small animals, which requires caution during off-leash walks.
• Need for Early Socialization: Without proper socialization, they can be suspicious or even aggressive towards strangers and other dogs.
• Prone to Weight Gain: Strict control over diet and food quantity is necessary.

The Schipperke is a wonderful breed for the right people. They demand time, energy, and consistency, but in return, they offer boundless loyalty, fun, and reliable protection. Before getting a Schipperke, honestly assess your lifestyle and readiness to give enough attention to this active and intelligent dog.

The Schipperke breed has a rich history and unique characteristics, associated with several interesting facts:

• Multi-Meaning Name: As mentioned earlier, the name “Schipperke” has several possible translations from Flemish: “little captain” or “boatman” (related to work on barges) and “little shepherd” (pointing to a possible origin). This ambiguity highlights the breed’s versatility in the past.
• “Little Devil of Flanders”: Due to their energetic, lively, and sometimes mischievous nature, Schipperkes earned the nickname “Lille Diable” (Little Devil of Flanders). This moniker perfectly reflects their restless disposition.
• The Disappearing Tail: Historically, Schipperkes were known for their lack of a tail. This was such a characteristic feature that a tradition of docking Schipperke puppies’ tails existed in Belgium. According to legend, this tradition arose after a shoemaker chopped off the tail of a Schipperke that bit his shoe, and it became fashionable. Now, docking is prohibited in many countries, and Schipperkes can be born with tails of various lengths.
• Popularity Among Workers: Before becoming fashionable among the aristocracy thanks to Queen Marie-Henriette, Schipperkes were very popular among workers and merchants in Belgium. They served as guards, ratters, and companions, particularly valued for their industriousness and loyalty.
• “Bravest Breed”: Despite their small size, Schipperkes have a reputation for being exceptionally brave and fearless dogs. They are not afraid to defend their family and territory from any threats, regardless of their size.
• Versatile Hunters: Although often associated with rat hunting, Schipperkes were also known for hunting rabbits and other small animals. Their speed, agility, and strong prey drive made them effective in this.
• Unconventional Classification: Although the FCI classifies Schipperkes in the sheepdog group (Group 1), their appearance and historical functions are more reminiscent of Spitz or terrier-type dogs. This classification is likely due to their possible shared ancestry with Belgian shepherds.

Is a Schipperke suitable for apartment living?

Yes, Schipperkes can live in an apartment, but only if they are provided with a sufficient amount of daily physical exercise and outdoor walks. They are very active and need to expend their energy. An apartment does not exempt the owner from the need for long and intensive walks.

How much do Schipperkes bark?

Schipperkes are prone to barking because they have a strong guarding instinct. They bark to warn of strangers or anything unusual. Excessive barking can be reduced through early training and socialization, teaching the dog the “quiet” command.

Do Schipperkes get along well with children?

Generally, Schipperkes get along very well with children, especially if they grew up together. They love to play and are patient companions for children’s games. However, it’s important to teach children to respect the dog and interact with it properly. Always supervise interactions between small children and dogs.

Does a Schipperke require complex coat care?

No, Schipperke coat care is relatively simple. Regular brushing (1-2 times a week, daily during shedding) is sufficient to keep the coat in good condition and prevent tangles. Bathing is only necessary when needed.

Are Schipperkes easy to train?

Schipperkes are very intelligent and capable of learning quickly. However, their independence and a certain stubbornness can make the training process a challange for an inexperienced owner. It’s important to use positive reinforcement, be consistent, and make training sessions interesting.

What level of activity does a Schipperke need?

Schipperkes have a high energy level and require significant physical exercise daily. A minimum of two long walks, games, off-leash running (in a safe place), and mental stimulation are essential.

Are Schipperkes prone to any diseases?

Overall, it’s a healthy breed, but they are prone to some hereditary diseases such as epilepsy, hypothyroidism, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, joint problems (patellar luxation, Legg-Perthes disease), and eye conditions (distichiasis, PRA). It’s important to choose a puppy from a responsible breeder who performs genetic tests and ensure regular veterinary check-ups.

What is the lifespan of a Schipperke?

Schipperkes have a fairly long lifespan, typically 12 to 18 years, with proper care, nutrition, and physical activity.