Shikoku

Shikoku is one of the most beautiful and untamed Japanese islands. It is famous for its breathtaking landscapes of rivers, mountains, and dense forests, as well as an abundance of castles and sacred temples. Numerous farms dot the land, while the coast is lined with fishing villages. It was here, in isolated mountain districts centuries ago, that these magnificent dogs were developed. Local hunters, known as Matagi, used them to hunt large game – primarily wild boar – and to guard their homes.

Due to the rugged, inaccessible terrain, the breed developed in purity without crossbreeding with other dogs. Breeding took place in various districts of Kochi Prefecture, such as Awa, Hata, and Hongawa. This led to the emergence of distinct bloodlines:

• Hongawa Line: Considered the purest and wildest. These dogs lived in the most remote mountain regions, retaining a distinct “wolf-like” appearance and a lighter, athletic build.
• Hata Line: More massive dogs with broader skulls, which likely had some minor influence from other breeds in the past.
• Awa Line: This line has essentially disappeared or dissolved into the others.

The breed officially received the name “Shikoku” only in 1937, when it was recognized as a “Living Natural Monument” and a national treasure of Japan. Before that, they were often called “Tosa-ken,” which caused confusion with the fighting breed Tosa Inu. Interestingly, many kynologists believe the Shikoku is a direct descendant of the extinct Japanese wolf due to their phenomenal physical resemblance, although genetically, they are definately dogs.

The Shikoku is a compact, medium-sized dog, well-proportioned with strong bones and well-developed muscles. Unlike many Western show breeds, the beauty of the Shikoku is functional. There is nothing superfluous about them; everything is designed for sprinting through mountains and grappling with predators.

Head and Muzzle

The head is substantial and matches the body. The skull is broad with a flat forehead. The transition from forehead to muzzle (the stop) is shallow but visible. The muzzle tapers slightly toward the nose, forming a wedge shape. The nasal bridge is straight – a key breed characteristic. The nose is always black. Lips fit tightly without sagging. The eyes are relatively small, almond or triangular in shape, set wide apart, and dark brown. Their gaze holds a specific “Eastern” expression – attentive, slightly wary, and penetrating.

Body and Limbs

The ears are pricked, small, triangular with pointed tips, and tilted slightly forward, giving the dog a focused look. The neck is thick and powerful, with no loose skin. The back is straight, broad, and strong. The withers are high and well-developed. The chest is deep (reaching the elbows) and broad, with well-sprung ribs to accommodate large lung capacity. The belly is well tucked up, creating an elegant silhouette.

The limbs are straight, parallel, sturdy, and muscular. Angulation is moderate, allowing the dog to move with an efficient trot. The paws are tight and “cat-like” with firm pads; claws are dark (sometimes black). The tail is set high, thick, and carried over the back, either curled in a ring or forming a sickle shape (the latter is less common but acceptable).

Coat and Color

The coat is double: the outer hair is harsh and straight, while the undercoat is soft and very dense. The hair on the tail is longer, forming a brush. The defining feature of the breed is the “Sesame” color. This is an even mixture of white, red, and black hairs. There are three variations:

• Sesame: An even blend of black and white hairs with a reddish hue.
• Black Sesame: A predominance of black hairs over white. Looks the darkest.
• Red Sesame: The ground color is red, mixed with black hairs.

Essential to the look is “Urajiro” – whitish markings on the sides of the muzzle, cheeks, underside of the jaw, neck, chest, stomach, inside of the tail, and inside of the legs.

If you are looking for a dog that will love the whole world and jump for joy at every passerby, the Shikoku is not your choice. These Japanese dogs have a complex, “primitive” (in the kynological sense) character. They are energetic and active but simultaneously reserved. They bond deeply with their owner and remain loyal, devoted companions for life, but this devotion is never clingy.

Shikokus are ready to perform tasks for their owners selflessly; they don’t fear bad weather or difficult trails – these dogs are among the most enduring in the world. A key trait is a high hunting instinct. They react to movement instantly. On a walk in the woods, the Shikoku transforms: its nose constantly scans the air, and its ears catch every rustle.

They are friendly with their own family but often indifferent or wary of strangers. They won’t show aggression without cause, but they won’t let just anyone pet them either. Interaction with other animals has nuances: they might coexist with cats they grew up with, but a stray cat or squirrel will be percieved strictly as prey.

Important: Shikokus are prone to dominance and same-sex aggression. Two male Shikokus in the same territory is almost a guaranteed conflict.

People often confuse Japanese dog breeds. Let’s break down how the Shikoku differs from its “relatives.”

Shikokus possess very robust, “natural” health. Since the breed was formed under the harsh conditions of natural selection, they do not suffer from the mass of serious hereditary diseases common to artificially bred dogs. However, every owner must be attentive and responsible regarding their pet’s well-being.

Possible problems (rare):

• Hip dysplasia (though much less common than in large breeds).
• Allergies (mostly food-related).
• Dental issues (require brushing).

At an early age, puppies must get vaccinated against distemper and parvovirus – deadly diseases that can infect any dog. Also, don’t forget the annual rabies shot. Ensure your dog maintains an active lifestyle and a balanced diet.

The main requirement for this breed is regular physical exercise and long walks. Shikokus are full of energy and stamina. You need to cover at least 3 miles daily, ideally with some of that on rough terrain. They will gladly keep you company during sports; for instance, they are a joy to run with in the mornings.

Apartment or House?

Naturally, these dogs are better off living outside the city in a private house with a securely fenced yard (the fence must be high and buried, as they are prone to digging and jumping), where they have nature and space. However, if you are a hiker or simply a very active person, you can live with such a dog in an apartment. The main thing is never to leave them alone for long in a confined space without “work” for their brain; otherwise, your apartment might be destroyed.

Hygiene

In other respects, the Shikoku is not fussy. General maintenence is simple. Their coat does not need trimming or stripping; brushing once a week is enough, and daily with a slicker brush during shedding season (twice a year).

• Bathing: Their fur naturally repels dirt and lacks that “doggy” smell, so frequent bathing isn’t necessary (2-3 times a year is sufficient).
• Nails: Trim nails monthly if they don’t wear down naturally on asphalt.
• Ears and Eyes: Check regularly for dirt.

Shikokus are highly intelligent, but their smarts differ from that of a Shepherd. They are prone to independent decision-making, which was vital for hunting but creates challenges in domestic life. They are trainable but require patience and a partnership approach.

Socialization is absolutely critical for a puppy. It is necessary for your pet to grow up confident: not afraid of strangers or other dogs, and calm around various noises and objects. You must introduce the puppy to the world from day one. It is especially important to take the puppy into the woods early if you plan to hunt with them in the future.

Parenting Tips:

• Be the Leader: Establish clearly from day one that you are the head of the pack. Do not let the puppy sleep in your spot, do not feed them first, and don’t let them walk through doorways ahead of you.
• Games: In tug-of-war, don’t let the puppy win every time (dogs compete for rank this way).
• No Violence: Never physically punish your pet. These are proud dogs; physical punishment will destroy trust forever. A stern tone or ignoring bad behavior is enough.

Shikokus are excellent hunters: enduring, fast, with a superb nose. If you aren’t a hunter, your Shikoku will happily engage in lure coursing or agility training.

Historically, dogs from Shikoku island were fed fish and rice, and occasionally deer meat. This isn’t surprising, as hunting and fishing are the main industries there. The digestive system of Japanese dogs is adapted to a protein-fish-rice diet.

Main Feeding Rules:

• Meat: The primary ingredient. Beef, turkey, rabbit. Must be lean.
• Fish: Saltwater, boneless (hake, pollock, salmon). No more than twice a week. This is a source of Omega-3 for an ideal coat.
• Grains: Rice is the most suitable grain. Buckwheat is okay occasionally. It’s better to exclude corn and wheat (they can cause allergies).
• Vegetables: Carrots, zucchini, pumpkin. Preferably raw and grated, with a drop of oil to help vitamin absorption.
• Preparation: If you feed a raw diet and worry about parasites, products should be deep-frozen for 5-7 days at -18°C (0°F).

Do not feed the dog scraps from your table. Sweets, smoked meats, and yeast dough are taboo. Accustom the pet to eating at the same time every day. Walk and train the dog on an empty stomach to prevent bloat (a life-threatening condition).

1. In the anime Ginga Densetsu Weed, the dogs modeled as wolves were actually Shikoku Ken, chosen for their striking resemblance.
2. In Japan, there is a saying: “A Samurai among dogs.” This is often attributed to the Akita, but true connoisseurs know it fits the Shikoku best due to their stoicism.
3. Unlike the Shiba Inu, which is known to “smile,” the Shikoku’s expression is more severe and wild.
4. This is one of the few breeds that retained the ability to hunt boar alone, holding the beast in place until the hunter arrives.

Is the Shikoku suitable for a family with kids?

Yes, but with caveats. Shikokus are loyal to “their” children, but they do not tolerate familiarity or roughness. A child must understand that the dog is not a toy. Adult supervision is always required.

Is it hard to buy a Shikoku puppy?

Yes, it is a very rare breed. You will likely have to get on a waiting list at foreign kennels (often in Europe or Japan itself) and wait quite a while for a puppy.

Can they be let off-leash?

Only in a fenced area. In the woods or a park, if a Shikoku spots prey, it may stop hearing commands. Their hunting instinct is stronger than their obedience.